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The field experiment was conducted after wheat harvesting (July 1997) on Zemun Polje chernozem. Maize was grown under dry farming system (without irrigation) for three growing seasons (the factor A: 1998, 1999 and 2000). Soil tillage systems (the factor B) included three treatments as follows: B1) zero tillage (direct sowing in non-cultivated soil), B2) minimum tillage (tillage with a soil miller only and sowing) and B3) conventional tillage (stubble field shallow ploughing, ploughing in autumn, presowing soil preparing and sowing). In each soil tillage treatment three levels of fertilization were used as follows: C1) unfertilized (control), C2) the first level of fertilization (kg ha −1 : 150 N + 105 P 2 O 5 + 75 K 2 O) and C3) the second level of fertilization (kg ha −1 : 300 N + 211 P 2 O 5 + 150 K 2 O). The field experiment was conducted in four replicates. Area of base plot was 25 m 2 . Under drought stress of the 2000 growing season it was only 6.08 t ha −1 or 35% lower compared to 1999. The conventional tillage (yield 9.86 t ha −1 ) resulted by 24% and 84% yield increases compared to reduced tillage and zero-tillage, respectively. Using the second rate of fertilizer (yield 8.86 t ha −1 ) increased yields by 17% and 32% compared to the first rate and non-fertilized treatments, respectively. Weeds infestations (weeds m −2 ) under conventional tillage was considerably lower (7) compared to reduced (39) and zero-tillage (46).
Soybean were grown under field conditions on chernozem soil for four growing seasons (from 2002 to 2005). Three treatment of soil tillage were applied as follows: a) conventional tillage, b) reduced tillage (diskharrowing instead of ploughing) and c) no-till (zero-tillage). In general, the characteristics of growing season (the factor „year“) were more influencing factor of soybean nutritional status (aerial part in stage of full-developed pods) in comparison with the soil tillage. In our study, low influences of applied soil tillage treatments on nutritional status of soybean were found because significant differences on soybean composition were found only for four (Cu, Cr, Sr and Ba) from total 20 analysed elements. For example, conventional tillage resulted by the higher plant Cu (by 15% and 18% in comparison with DH and NT, respectively), and the lower plant Sr (by 12% and 16%, respectively) and Ba (by 26% and 23%, respectively), while under DH conditions by 22% lower plant Cr was found. Main nutrient status (P. K, Ca, Mg, S...) were independent on soil tillage. For this reason, usual fertilization practice is recommended for possible application of soil tillage reduction under conditions of calcareous chernozem.
Reliable small-plot experiments play an important role in determining the value of hybrids, but the results of large-plot experiments, which give a better reflection of conditions and technologies, are needed to obtain reliable information on which hybrids can be produced most economically under specific cultivation conditions. Within the framework of the National Research Development Programme, large-scale tests are underway on new Hungarian maize hybrids, to promote the selection, introduction and propagation of the most economical hybrids for specific regions, ecological conditions and technological standards. The tests included hybrids Sze SC 271 (FAO 290), Dáma (FAO 300) and Mv 277 (FAO 320) from the very early maturity group, Sze SC 352 (FAO 340), Hunor (FAO 370) and Norma (FAO 380) from the early maturity group and Maraton (FAO 450) and Sze SC 463 R (FAO 490) from the medium maturity group, grown at 20 different locations in Hungary. Each year the yield differences between the locations reflected the extreme distribution of precipitation during the growing season in different parts of the country. High amounts of precipitation were required in the growing season to reach the highest yields, but moderately high yields were achieved over a wide range of rainfall levels.
Abstract
Translocation and percent distribution of137Cs in different parts of the tea plant have been investigated from the foliar aborption and root uptake in Chemobyl contaiminated soil during 1987–1994. The results showed that the transfer of the radionuclide from soil to the plant occurred only in the roots during this long period. On the other hand, the present data confirmed that the new leaves of the plant directly accumulated137Cs from the stem in growing seasons after translocation into the stem from leaves during the Chemobyl accident. The natural depuration rate of137Cs in the stem part of tea plant is estimated as on effective half-life 1750 days.
Two field experiments were carried out to investigate the role of seed soaking with spermine (Spm, 10 mg/l) and the foliar application of mineral nutrients (K and Zn), alone or in combination, in improving the tolerance of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) to calcareous and salinity stress conditions. Both the individual treatments and the interaction increased the stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weights, yield, yield components and oil yield, as well as the concentrations of K, Ca, P and Zn and the K/Na ratio, whereas they decreased the Na concentration in the two growing seasons. The best results were obtained with the K+Zn+Spm treatment in both seasons.It could be concluded that seed soaking with Spm and the foliar application of K and Zn might alleviate the harmful effects of calcareous and salinity stress and enhance the ability of sunflower plants to tolerate these adverse conditions.
The surface microbial contamination is of great interest in case of fruit because of the threat of postharvest spoilage. Apple is a valuable product from growing, commercial, as well as from nutritional points of view. Apple diseases during the growing season can be satisfactorily controlled by different plant protection technologies, but postharvest decay of apples caused by the so called storage moulds cannot be completely avoided. Cold storage — alone, or in combination with other methods — is the main technology used to successfully prolong the shelf life of apples. The origin of the moulds causing the decay of apples during storage is not well understood. In this work the surface mycobiota of apple fruit grown in Soroksár, in the orchard of the Corvinus University of Budapest was investigated.
Twenty wheat varieties were analyzed to assess the contribution of 40-year breeding process to the advancement of wheat technological quality. A trial using a randomized block design with three replications was carried out during five growing seasons (2001–2005) that varied in temperature and rainfall conditions. Changes of quality were analyzed in the varieties from different breeding periods using linear regression analysis. Changes of quality indicators were expressed by regression coefficients. The studied varieties were released at 3–4-year intervals. The annual changes in genetic potentials were as follows: protein content — −0.03%, wet gluten — −0.14%, farinograph absorption — 0.04%, dough energy — 1.53 cm 2 , loaf volume — 2.94 ml, and baking score — 0.07. The decreases in the protein and wet gluten contents were compensated for by an improvement in protein quality. The increase in gluten structure stability and appropriate combinations of high molecular weight glutenin subunits have contributed to the improvement of other quality indicators.
We aimed to study the influence of soil water deficit on gas exchange parameters, dry matter partitioning in leaves, stem and spike and grain yield of durum (Triticum durum Desf.) and bread (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat genotypes in the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 growing seasons. Water stress caused reduction of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, an increase of intercellular CO2 concentration. Photosynthesis rate positively correlated with growth rate of genotypes. Drought stress caused adaptive changes in dry matter partitioning between leaves, stem and spike of wheat genotypes. Stem dry mass increased until kernel ripening. Drought stress accelerated dry mass reduction in leaves and stem. High growth rate of spike dry mass was revealed in genotypes with late heading time. Spike dry mass positively correlated with photosynthesis rate and grain yield. Generally, bread wheat is more productive and tolerant to drought stress than durum wheat.
A two-year open field experiment was carried out to study the effect of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogensupply on fruit components of tomato. Korall determinate growth type processing tomato cultivar plants were planted and cultivated for the entire growing season in open top chambers (OTC) in years 2007 and 2008. Compared with the control (350 ppm) CO2 enrichment (700 ppm) significantly decreased the lycopene content at all three harvest dates in both years, but higher supply of nitrogen and 700 ppm CO2 resulted in significantly higher lycopene values in second year. Elevated nitrogen concentration combined with 700 ppm CO2 significantly increased the ○Brix, sugar content, total phenolics, and total antioxidant status (TAS) of tomato fruits.
The paper presents some preliminary results of an on-going research aiming to assess expected impacts of climate change on road infrastructure planning, design and operation, as well as determining what measures could be considered and recommended to manage these potential impacts. Following an overview of the main parameters (temperatures and precipitation) characterizing expected climate change in the period of 2071–2100, the impacts on roads of high temperatures, freeze-thaw cycles, prolonged growing season, high intensity precipitation, wet conditions and flooding are studied. According to the author, the anticipated effects of climate change should be manageable with current, or slightly modified engineering practice and the materials available, possibly with adaptation. Recommendations are formulated concerning the adaptation process.
