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Два медицинских случая – два способа самоосуществления
Two Medical Cases – Two Ways of Self-Realization
В статье сравнивается два художественных произведения как два медицинских случая. В романе венгерского писателя Фридьеша Каринти «Путешествие вокруг моего черепа» (1936) рассказывается об обнаружении, диагностизации и операции опухоли мозга, а в романе А. Солженицына «Раковый корпус» (1966) – о лечении рака горла и других онкологических случаев. Болезнь в них рассматривается как нарративная структура, а ее повествовательное осмысление – как способ бытия. Повествователем в обоих романах является пациент, противопоставленный традициям медицинского нарратива, в котором пациент лишен компетенции для рассказывания. В этом состоит новизна художественного подхода исследуемых авторов, которые, при всем их различии, совершают некий «онтологический поворот» в истории медицинского нарратива, создав две его новые модели в литературе ХХ века.
Теоретическая база исследования разработана по концепциям М. Фуко, С. Сонтаг о «гуманистическом повороте» во взаимоотношениях «власть – медицина», по которому пациент перестает быть лишь «контролируемым телом» в качестве бессловесного заложника системы, а, с завоеванием биоэтического права высказаться о своем теле, приобретает компетенцию автонаррации, фиксируемой в новых моделей медицинского нарратива.
В статье анализируется предыстория и процесс создания этих новых моделей, а также и сам изменяющийся теоретический и методологический контекст исследовательской стратегии медицинского нарратива как таковой. Согласно гипотезе статьи, нарратив для пациента, оказавшегося в системе здравоохранения, может рассматриваться не только как социальный акт, но и как речевой акт для утверждения целостной личности и идентичности. В таком смысле, он функционирует также и в качестве ментального инструмента для воссоздания (регенерации) разъединенной связи «сознание – тело».
На этой стадии, ключевым методологическим сдвигом оказалось введение концепта «моральный ландшафт» как комплекса моральных дилемм, сопутствующих социальному явлению. Оно позволило выявить категориальную дихотомию статусов «быть человеком» и «быть пациентом», нарративное осмысление которых является центральной нарративной осью в анализируемых моделях, а человеческое «Я» пациента оказывается нарративным центром тяжести.
В этом последнем аспекте и может заключаться источник для прагматического прочтения данных текстов, предоставляя свежие аргументы для дискуссии в гуманитарных науках о современных принципах медицинской этики. В этом же моменте проявляется самый актуальный вывод анализа об «олитературивании» медицинского дискурса, в результате которого восстанавливаются и признаются права пациента на рефлексии и автонаррации.
The paper compares two works of art as two medical cases. The novel by the Hungarian writer Frigyes Karinthy A Journey Round My Skull (1936) tells about the detection, diagnosis, and operation of a brain tumour, while A. Solzhenitsyn’s novel Cancer Ward (1966) is about the treatment of throat cancer and other oncological cases. Disease in them is seen as a narrative structure, and its narrative comprehension is viewed as a way of being. In both novels, the narrator is a patient opposed to the tradition of medical narrative, in which the patient is deprived of the competence to narrate. This is the novelty of the literary approach of the authors under study, who, despite all their differences, perform a kind of “ontological turn” in the history of medical narrative, creating two new models in 20th-century literature.
The theoretical basis of the study was developed in the conceptual frame of the “humanistic turn” in the “power – medicine” relationships (M. Foucault and S. Sontag), when the patient ceases to be only a “controlled body” as a wordless hostage of the system. Instead, acquiring the bioethical right to speak about his own body, he gains the competence of autonarration fixed in the new models of medical narrative.
The paper analyzes the prehistory and the process of creating these new models. Then evaluating the research strategies of medical narrative as such, the changing theoretical and methodological context is also examined. According to the hypothesis of the paper, a narrative of a patient who finds himself in the health care system can be defined not only as a social act but also as a speech act confirming the personal integrity and identity. In this sense, the patient’s narrative can also be considered as a mental instrument for recreating (regenerating) the disconnected “mind – body” connection.
At this point, the concept of “moral landscape” was introduced as a complex of moral dilemmas of accompanying the social phenomenon. This methodological shift allowed the identification of the categorical dichotomy of the status “being human” and “being a patient”. The narrative interpretation of this dichotomy proved to be the central narrative axis in the analyzed models, and the patient’s human self is found to be the centre of narrative gravity.
This latter aspect reveals a source for a pragmatic reading of the studied texts, providing fresh arguments for the discussion in the humanities about modern principles of medical ethics. At the same time, it leads to the most relevant conclusion of the analysis about the “literary transformation” of medical discourse as a way to restore and recognize the patient’s rights to autonarration and reflections.
Итоги работы по созданию «Электронного исторического словаря заимствованной лексики в русском языке XI–XVII вв.» Часть первая: грецизмы
The Results of the Compilation of The Electronic Historical Dictionary of Loanwords in the Russian Language of the 11th–17th Centuries. Part One: Greek Loanwords
The paper presents the first part of the review highlighting the results of the compilation of The Electronic Historical Dictionary of Loanwords in the Russian Language of the 11th–17th Centuries: Greek and Polish Loanwords, the first electronic dictionary of borrowings in Russian historical lexicography containing about eight thousand lexemes. Grecisms and Polonisms represent completely different layers of vocabulary due to their genetic, chronological, and functional indicators. Each layer requires an independent description and the use of an individual research methodology. They are presented in two separate essays.
The first part is devoted to the Grecisms (more than four thousand lexemes are described in the Electron- ic Dictionary). The structure of the electronic dictionary and its parameters (fields) are shown. The main tasks that were solved during the creation of the first part were the following: identification with the Greek language; the expansion of the volume of the described vocabulary; the identification of diverse phonetic and morphological variants; the determination of the first fixations and hapax legomena; the establishment, clarification, and / or correction of semantics in well-known lexicographic descriptions; the introduction of etymological information; the detection of the “Greek layer” in the untranslated Russian script and its word-formation development, etc.
In the course of the study, the layer of the described vocabulary was expanded due to a broader understanding of the term Grecism. This allowed to show a complex picture of the Greek vocabulary development in all the variety of phonetic and morphological (including unadapted) forms that were found in Russian writings of the 11th–17th centuries. A number of lexemes and lexical forms have been discovered and described, which have not yet been presented in Russian historical and Slavic lexicography. The features of adaptation and reflection of the medieval Greek language in the borrowed vocabulary are shown.
Derivative words were also included in the Electronic Dictionary. Two parameters of the Electronic Dic- tionary – “translated sources” and “original sources” (with an indication of a certain source and date of appearance) – allowed to trace the moment of entry and further existence of the lexeme of Greek origin as well as its survival and word-formation development in original Russian writings of the 11th–17th centuries. This topic needs further research and deserves a separate description.
The electronic dictionary makes it possible to carry out numerous research operations, which create a multi-sided view of the ways of the penetration, survival, and functioning of the vocabulary of Greek origin in the Russian language on a wide chronological scale comprising seven centuries.
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H Fujita 2008 Detection of sentinel and non-sentinel lymph node micrometastases by complete serial sectioning and immunohistochemical analysis for gastric cancer
Parsing and beyond
Tools and resources for Estonian
. Shallow parsing of transcribed speech of Estonian and disfluency detection . In Z. Vetulani and H. Uszkoreit (eds.) Human language technology: Challenges of information society . Berlin : Springer . 165 – 177 . Nivre , Joakim , Johan Hall
not include a corresponding detection procedure as well. DeepL resolved this structural ST ambiguity in the German TT by rendering the English participle construction as a prepositional phrase (mit Techniken) and moving this prepositional phrase
system 1 is written on a hand-ruled staff in the right margin. As a conclusion of the present case, two clues are established concerning the detection of an irregular order of composition: (1) the existence of a hand-written staff in the
observe them without detection. Nell, again like Lulu, implores the client to enter her home with her and, just as in Berg’s opera, both women go off-stage for the last time to be seen alive. Like Alwa, Bill emerges from his hiding place, and goes inside
