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(broadly inclusive of psilocybin, lysergic-acid diethylamide [LSD], ketamine, and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) with psychotherapy could enhance intrinsic aspects related to recovery capital such as motivation, connectedness, self-efficacy and
Introduction Psychedelic drugs like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and psilocybin are being investigated again, showing therapeutic potential for certain psychological disorders
, methamphetamines, heroin, prescription opioids, benzodiazepines, cocaine/crack, LSD, mescaline, mushrooms, DMT, salvia PCP, and MDMA (ecstasy). Perceived risk Participants were asked whether they had ever heard of
research indicates the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapy (PAT) to treat treatment-resistant mental disorders, including various substance use disorders ( Andersen, Carhart-Harris, Nutt, & Erritzoe, 2021 ). While atypical psychedelics (e.g., MDMA
treatment assignment can significantly influence both placebo and nocebo effects in psychedelic therapy. In a similar vein, Flameling, Aday, and Van Elk (2023) point out the potential for both placebo and nocebo effects in MDMA trials. It is described that
., 2007 ). Researchers once praised MDMA, which increases activity in both systems, as a potential antidepressant ( Riedlinger & Riedlinger, 1994 ). MDMA-assisted treatment for other disorders appear to help depressive symptoms , though those in the
, Wiegand, Taitano, & Delgado, 2006 ), end-of-life anxiety ( Griffiths et al., 2016 ), and substance use disorders ( Johnson, Garcia-Romeu, Cosimano, & Griffiths, 2014 ; Sessa et al., 2021 ). Most notably, the FDA designated MDMA-assisted psychotherapy a
classes: classical psychedelics (e.g. Psilocybin, LSD, DMT), entactogens (e.g. MDMA), dissociative anaesthetics (e.g. Ketamine), and atypical hallucinogens (e.g. Ibogaine). Each of these different classes are characterised by unique pharmacological
subscales. The MEQ-30 has demonstrated sensitivity in assessing the effects of a range of psychedelic compounds, including LSD ( Schmid & Liechti, 2018 ), MDMA ( Lyvers & Meester, 2012 ), psilocybin ( Barrett et al., 2015 ), ayahuasca ( Schenberg, Tofoli
( Depoortere, 1987 ; Marrosu et al., 1995 ; Schneider & Sigg, 1957 ). If an ibogaine protocol is developed and psychotherapy is a part of it, as it is in the MDMA research protocol ( Mithoefer, 2017 ), then it may be worth considering the inclusion of
