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Al-Fattah , A ., Dababat , A . and Sikora , A . ( 2007 ): Use of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride for the biological control of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato . Jordan. J. Agri. Sci . 3 , 297 – 309 . Al-hazmi , A. S
Abstract
The growth and morphology of filamentous fungusTrichoderma viride grown in the presence of various Co concentrations were studied. Using60Co, the cobalt content in mycelium and conidia was determined. No influence of60Co-radiation on growth and morphology was observed.
Biological control of die-back of bottle brush (Callistemon citrinus) caused by Botryodiplodia theobrome was made with the application of antagonistic agents like Trichoderma viride, T. lignorum, T. harzianum, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium citrinum. The effect of volatile and non-volatile antibiotics of Trichoderma origin on growth inhibition of the die-back pathogen was studied. T. harzianum showed maximum growth inhibition (75.33%) of the pathogen through mycoparasitism and the non-volatiles produced by the same agent exhibited its excellent antagonism to the growth of the pathogen (91.11%) under in vitro condition and that the effect was also proved to be durable.
Endophytic bacteria Bacillus subtilis (EPC 5) was isolated and tested in vitro along with Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf1) and the fungus Trichoderma viride (Tv1) against Ganoderma lucidum (Leys) Karst, the causal agent of basal stem rot on coconut palm. The endophytic bacterial strains namely EPC 5 and EPC 8 showed higher vigor index (germination percentage, root and shoot length) and more inhibition against G. lucidum over un-inoculated control. These strains were confirmed as Bacillus subtilis by biochemical tests, cloning and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The Bacillus subtilis (EPC 5) along with Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf1) and Trichoderma viride (Tv1) has been tried as bioconsortia against basal stem rot disease under greenhouse conditions. The soil application of bioconsortia enriched with farm yard manure (FYM) enhanced the coconut saplings growth under greenhouse conditions and showed higher induction of defense related enzymes like peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and phenols when challenged with pathogen.
Szennyvíziszapból és lignocellulóz-tartalmú növényi hulladékból álló, termofil fázisban lévő komposzthalmokból 21 gombát izoláltunk. A morfológiai és molekuláris módszerekkel azonosított gombák tíz fajba tartoztak, hat termofil fajba ( Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus versicolor, Rhizomucor pusillus, Thermoascus aurantiacus, Talaromyces thermophilus, Thermomyces lanuginosus ) és négy mezofilbe ( Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Neosartorya fischerii és Trichoderma hamatum ). A két leggyakoribb faj a T. lanuginosus és a T. thermophilus volt, az előbbit nyolc, az ut_
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Etest as an in vitro antifungal susceptibility test method for different moulds originating from human samples and from the environment. A total of 50 isolates (1 Acremonium, 18 Aspergillus, 2 Cladosporium, 1 Epicoccum, 15 Penicillium, 2 Scopulariopsis and 11 Trichoderma strains) were tested by the Etest. Forty-six of the tested moulds (92%) were resistant to fluconazole with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ³ 256 µg ml-1. There were strains resistant to ketoconazole among Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus and Cladosporium spp. with MICs ? 32 µg ml-1. For fluconazole, no differences were observed using two different inocula, while for itraconazole, ketoconazole and amphotericin B, a 1 or less step 2-fold dilution difference in MIC was seen for the most of 10 selected strains. The MICs of fluconazole and amphotericin B obtained for Trichoderma strains by the Etest and the agar dilution method were also compared. MICs for fluconazole were in agreement, while MICs for amphotericin B were higher with 1 or 2 steps of 2-fold dilutions for most of Trichoderma strains in the case of the agar dilution method.
Authors made investigations to map the occurrence of different fungal pathogens on seeds of species and cultivars of different grass. Infection of seeds of 13 cultivars of five cultivated grass species are listed. When seeds were germinated, propagules of species from 16 genus of fungi were identified belonging to the Deuteromycota . The most frequently occurred species belonged to the Alternaria genus. Drechslera, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Stemphylium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Trichoderma and Penicillium were also detected. Additionally some genus of fungal pathogens were identified, which were not mentioned in Hungary until now ( Embellisia, Septonema, Ulocladium, Pithomyces, Curvularia, Torula and Chaetomium ).
Neethling D., Nevalainen H.: Mycoparasite species of Trichoderma produce Lectins. Can. J. Microbiol. 42: 141–146 (1996) Nevalainen H
In the microflora of sunflower seeds stored in domestic stores the, Alternaria species dominate, while those of Penicillium, Trichoderma, Stemphylium and Absidia spp. are present in lower numbers. During model tests (cca 20% seed moisture content, 25 °C, 4 weeks storage) the Alternaria species were almost completely eliminated and on the seeds mainly Aspergillus species, characteristic of stores, propagated. The moulds significantly deteriorated the quality of the seed and that of the produced oil and meal (reproductive ability, germinating power, oil content, lipoxygenase enzyme activity, acid value, peroxide value, fatty acid composition, UV absorbance, colour, sensorial properties, as well as the protein content, amino acid composition, colour and the smell of the meal), but no aflatoxin production occurred. The findings offer a comprehensive picture on the multiple destructive effects of incorrect storage.
The effect of a pure endoxylanase (Xyn2) and endoglucanase (EgII) from Trichoderma reesei on bread flour quality were compared to a commercial endoxylanase from Aspergillus niger (Com-xyl) and a cellulase-xylanase cocktail from T. reesei (Cel-xyl). Effects of these enzymes on dough quality, bread weight, height and crumb softness were analysed. Results obtained during commercial-scale baking tests often differed from those obtained during laboratory-scale tests; indicating that results from laboratory-scale baking tests cannot be extrapolated to commercialscale bread production. Low levels of endoxylanase activity benefited bread height and volume without affecting slice brightness in commercial-scale tests. The addition of endoglucanases and α-amylases can also be advantageous resulting in less endoxylanase activity required to obtain similar results.
