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Pápai Bulla a Középkori Bánhegyes Falu Területéről
A Lead Papal Bulla from Medieval Bánhegyes (Magyarbánhegyes, Hungary)
A pápai oklevelek kettőspecsétjei jellemzően levéltárakban maradtak fenn, régészeti leletként ritkán kerülnek elő. A tanulmány a 2019 novemberében, a középkori Bánhegyes falu (ma: Békés megye, Magyarbánhegyes) területén fémkeresős kutatás során előkerült pápai ólombulla jellemzőit, történeti hátterét, ismert hazai és nemzetközi párhuzamait mutatja be.
The bullae of papal charters are typically preserved in archives and only rarely are they brought to light as archaeological finds. Presented here is the papal lead bulla discovered in the medieval village of Bánhegyes (modern Magyarbánhegyes, County Békés) in November 2019 during a metal detecting survey, alongside a discussion of its historical background and its currently known parallels from Hungary and other regions.
Bocskay György kalligráfus antikva betűs síremlékfeliratai
All’antica reprezentáció I. Ferdinánd bécsi udvarában
Sepulchral inscriptions in antique Square Capitals by the calligrapher György Bocskay
Representatio all’antica at the court of Ferdinand I in Vienna
György (George) Bocskay (†1575) was a member of a well-known Hungarian noble family. He was capable to adapt himself to the expectations of the Viennese court of the Habsburg Monarchy to build a significant career at the Hungarian Royal Chancellery as royal court secretary, royal councillor and calligrapher. He decorated various writing model books and charters for the Habsburg rulers as well as several letters of arms for Hungarian noblemen. However it is less known that the calligrapher made sepulchral inscriptions in stone as well applying a new technique of his time, the acid-etching. Emperor Ferdinand I commissioned him to prepare the Square Capitals for the marble cenotaph of Emperor Maximilian I in Innsbruck. Additionally, he used similar letters to inscribe the sepulchral monument of the highest ranking official of the Hungarian Kingdom, the Palatine Tamás Nádasdy and his wife, Orsolya Kanizsay in Léka (Lockenhaus).
After the Treaty of Passau (1552) the claim was established that after Emperor Charles V the member of the Austrian line of the Habsburg dynasty, Ferdinand I could have imperial power. The revival of the antiquity significantly influenced the rebuilding of his main residence, the Hofburg, the development of the Roman lapidaries and collections of antiquities at his court (Hermes Schallauzer, Wolfgang Lazius, Ferdinand I), and the style of festive decorations and artworks all’antica he commissioned during this era.
In 1562 Bocskay dedicated a writing model book to Ferdinand I in order to be commissioned to prepare the inscriptions of the sepulchral monument of Emperor Maximilian I. The manuscript included several writing samples in Square Capitals imitating the epigraphic monuments of the ancient Romans. Later he worked on the acid-etched and gilded inscriptions in Vienna in 1563–1568 according to the archival sources. He prepared inscribed marble plates for 24 marble reliefs of the cenotaph representing scenes of the life of Maximilian I as well as 18 plates of the sepulchral inscription on the frieze. The Latin texts were compiled by the vice-chancellor of Ferdinand I, Georg Sigmund Seld.
Bocskay was accommodated in the house of the Nádasdy family in Vienna. He probably equipped a workshop for the process there. He also prepared three more inscribed limestone plates for the sepulchral monument of the already mentioned Tamás Nádasdy and Orsolya Kanizsay. The marble cenotaph was erected in 1566 in the castle of Léka where the Palatine and later his wife were buried. The monument was transferred to the new family crypt of the Augustine monastery of Léka in the 17th century.
Padányi Bíró Márton veszprémi püspök művész- és mesterköre (Adalékok a 18. század középső évtizedeinek dunántúli művészetéhez)
Bishop of veszprém Márton Padányi Bíró’s circle of artists and artisans (Addenda to art in transdanubia in the mid-decades of the 18th century)
Márton Padányi Bíró led the diocese of Veszprém from 1745 to 1762. Earlier he was the deputy to the sickly bishop Ádám Acsády and the head of the chapter supporting the bishop. His aristocratic patron during his ecclesiastic career was chancellor of the Habsburg and the Hungarian court, Count Lajos Batthyány. As the charter issued by King Stephen I in 1009 proves, the diocese of Veszprém was one of the largest, and was still in the mid-18th century. It spread from the large curve of the Danube in the north to the Drava separating the country from Croatia in the south. From 1541 to the end of the 17th century the area belonged to the Ottoman Empire. Since remaining Hungary never acknowledged this officially, it was constantly a battlefield. The territory of the diocese got largely depopulated, the ecclesiastic organization with the buildings perished. Reconstruction could not begin before the end of the 17th century and could only make slow progress for the extensive destruction. The re-organization of the diocesan structure was begun by Márton Bíró’s predecessors. In the surviving and re-populated villages, they reorganized the parishes and the construction of church also began, partly supported by the diocese and in greater part by the landowners in their private estates. Márton Bíró took part in the construction spree as bishop Acsády’s deputy and a member of the Veszprém chapter, rebuilding several ruined medieval churches. Since the middle ages the seat of the diocese was Veszprém, but at that time it was mainly inhabited by Protestants. As Bíró was not on good terms with them, he shifted his seat to Sümeg not far away on the northern shore of the Balaton, to another ancient centre of the diocese. Thus, for several decades, the small town at the foot of the medieval castle where the bishop’s predecessors lived during the 150 years of Turkish occupation became the centre from where he organized and controlled the construction of churches and parishes in his diocese the size of half Pannonia.
The monumental project required building specialists in the first place. Bíró settled masons, carpenters and other artisans the constructions needed in Sümeg. If the necessary workers were not at hand, he borrowed some, particularly stone carvers, from the squires. He also contracted painters, sculptors and other artists of nationwide renown from larger cities, Győr, Sopron, even Buda. To decorate the interior of the Sümeg parish church he had built, master builder who planned his buildings and supervised their construction was Paul Mojser, who arrived from South German or Austrian areas probably via Győr and settled in Sümeg. In addition, other brick-layers, carpenters, brick-makers, tilers, blacksmiths, locksmiths, joiners settled also in Sümeg, as well as painters, stone carvers, sculptors, stuccoists from Veszprém, Kőszeg, Keszthely, Pápa, Pest and Zirc were involved in the completion of churches, parish and farm buildings. The employed artisans included Maulbertsch’s colleagues Andreas Brugger who had come with him from Vienna and painters Valentin Krautham who died in Sümeg in 1758 and his pupil Johann Peckl. The latter bought a house and settled in Sümeg, where he received the commissions from squires to decorate different churches all over Pannonia.
In addition to ecclesiastic buildings the bishop had secular buildings, first of all his own residence, built in Sümeg. The mansion, together with the outhouses, stables, granary, workshops for the craftsmen, were erected by the building specialists working on the churches. In addition, he also had dwellings for the overseers, school, schoolmaster’s house and pub built. Starting with the bishop’s mansion, all buildings were planned by Mojser and built by the artisans of Sümeg, Keszthely and Veszprém. The interiors were decorated by artists and craftsmen borrowed from other locations. It is also possible that some rooms of the mansion were adorned by Maulbertsch’s frescoes.
With the death of Márton Bíró the leading role of Sümeg declined. His successor bishop Ignác Koller restored the seat of the diocese to Veszprém where he had the still extant palace built by one of the most famous architects of his age, Jakab Fellner.
2006 Régészeti és okleveles adatok a Jászság 10–15 . századi településtörténetéhez (Archaeological and Charter Data for the Jazygian Settlemental History in the 10th–15th Centuries). Tisicum (Szolnok) 15 , 77 – 97
latter from the 14 th ). In the names of medieval settlements in the Carpathian Basin, the word vörös appears in greater numbers (in charters from the 13 th to the 15 th centuries, mostly written in Latin, eight of the Hungarian place names contain
Norrlands kustbyar Skytteanska samfundets handlingar 5 . [Village Folk and Village Charters. Organizational Forms of the Upper Norrland Coastal Villages] . Uppsala : Almqvist & Wiksell Boktryteri . Ispán , Ágota 2019 Transformation of a Strictly
Vol. 1. London (1887) 352: 2241; J. H. Bloom: English Seals. London (1906) 113; West: i. m. (41. j.) 226–228; Winchester College: Charter of Henry of Blois, c. 1140 [WCM 10629], http://winchestercollections.co.uk/collection/charter
