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Patent citations are extensively used as a measure of patent quality. However, counting citations does not account for the fact that citations come from patents of different qualities, and that citations are of variable qualities. We develop a citation index which takes into account the cumulative quality of the citing patents. We apply this index to the 2,139,314 utility patents granted in the U.S. between 1975 and 1999. We study the properties of this index by year and by technological category, and analyse the links between patents.
Introduction Citation rates of scientific publications are commonly used for assessing the impact of individual authors, institutions and journals on the scientific community (Falagas and Kavvadia 2006 ). Higher citation rates
Introduction The ranking of academic and scientific journals has attracted the interest of researchers in every discipline worldwide. For almost half a century, citation analysis has been applied in the evaluation of research
human issues through social relevance (Craig 1993 ). Revealing one's intellectual linkage by using bibliographic citations has become a standard practice in academic scholarship (So 1988 ). Citations in journal articles serve as useful tools in
Abstract
Citations support the communication of specialist knowledge by allowing authors and readers to make specific selections in several contexts at the same time. In the interactions between the social network of (first-order) authors and the network of their reflexive (that is, second-order) communications, a sub-textual code of communication with a distributed character has emerged. The recursive operation of this dual-layered network induces the perception of a cognitive dimension in scientific communication.Citation analysis reflects on citation practices. Reference lists are aggregated in scientometric analysis using one (or sometimes two) of the available contexts to reduce the complexity: geometrical representations (‘mappings’) of dynamic operations are reflected in corresponding theories of citation. For example, a sociological interpretation of citations can be distinguished from an information-theoretical one. The specific contexts represented in the modern citation can be deconstructed from the perspective of the cultural evolution of scientific communication.
of an author that received h or more citations. The main drawback of the h index of an author is that it does not count citations received by h papers with citations l n > h and ( n − h ) papers having citations l n < h. Here l n
]. Cooper , R. B. Blair , D. Pao , M. 1993 Communicating MIS research — a citation study of journal influence Information Processing & Management
. Tokyo 4-939091-05-8. Jin , B. Wang , B. 1999 Chinese Science Citation Database: Its construction and application
Introduction When Eugene Garfield founded the Institute for Scientific Information in Philadelphia and produced the Science Citation Index , he provided the tools for a new field, ‘Scientometry’, which had started as Derek de
Abstract
The paper focusses on possible mathematical theories of citation and on the intrinsic problems related to it. It sheds light on aspects of mathematical complexity as e.g. encountered in fractal theory and Mandelbrot's law. There is also a discussion on dynamical aspects of citation theory as reflected in evolutions of journal rankings, centres of gravity or of the set of source journals. Some comments are given in this connection on growth and obsolescence.
