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The study examined the vegetation composition and phenotypic traits at five sites, differing in degree of disturbance, in a tropical dry deciduous forest of India. A total of 49 species and 4033 individuals (≯= 9.6 cm dbh) were enumerated in the cumulative 15-ha permanently protected area. The study revealed that the five sites represented five more or less different communities (species combinations with different dominants). On the basis of phenotypic traits, these communities or sites could not be discriminated, either by proportion of species belonging to different trait categories or by the cumulative importance value of the trait categories. As a result, disturbance did not affect the predominant traits. Evidently, all the communities shared the major phenotypic traits of the dry deciduous forest. Small leaf size, medium leaf texture, rough bark texture and medium deciduousness characterized the dry deciduous forest vegetation. Both the percent of species and importance values were larger for medium or less deciduous trait categories than for highly deciduous trait, representing a trade-off between water loss and the period of dry matter synthesis.
textures was first published by Drake (1963) , thereby promoting food texture analysis. If a crunchy product does not induce the expected sound after the bite, it can be attributed to the texture, the poor quality or inadequate components or process
456 461 Jackman, P., Sun, D., Du, C., Allen, P. (2009) Prediction of beef eating qualities from col-our, marbling and wavelet surface texture features using homogenous carcass
Phylogenetic relationships among some Randia (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae) taxa were estimated based on sequence variation in the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and rps 16 intron (cpDNA). During the investigation of rps 16 intron of 9 studied Central American Randia species, two well supported subclades were separated. Analysis of ITS data of 16 Randia species shows 3 major clades. A group of mainly lowland, South American Randia species is moderate supported (75%). Species from Mexico form a strongly supported (97%) clade, but the Central American and Mexican Randia species are low supported (58%). However the last two groups are well supported together (95%). The molecular delimination is well in line with the size of leaves combined with the texture of exocarp.
The article presents nineteen ruderal plant communities based on two hundred and twenty-five relevés on the border of Praeillyricum and Noricum floristical region in Southwest Transdanubia in Hungary.The following associations were determined: Hordeetum murini, Polygono arenastri-Lepidietum ruderalis, Malvetum neglectae, Onopordetum acanthii subass. typicum, Onopordetum acanthii subass. arctietosum, Carduo-Onopordetum acanthii, Convolvulo-Agropyretum repentis, Lepidietum drabae, Balloto-Malvetum sylvestris, Arctietum lappae, Carduetum acanthoidis, Arctio-Artemisietum vulgaris, Conietum maculati, Cannabietum spontaneae, Tanaceto-Artemisietum vulgaris subass. typicum, Dauco-Picridetum , DC Calamagrostis epigeios [Onopordetalia], Sambucetum ebuli, Chaerophylletum bulbosi. Anthriscetum sylvestris , one of the most important hilly associations, as well as Dauco-Picridetum , DC Calamagrostis epigeios [Onopordetalia] and Onopordetum acanthii subass. arctietosum were described at the first time in Hungary.Moreover, soil analysis of ruderal communities was performed. Based on the analyses of ruderal soils, the soils were neutral in chemical reaction, regarding to the texture were mainly loam, while clay and sand had smaller shares.
Vegetation in natural desert and agro-ecosystems was investigated in the middle sector of Egypt. The vegetation was classified by the Two Way Indicator Species Analysis technique (TWINSPAN) into nine vegetational groups representing seven habitat types: desert, fallow land, winter crops of old cultivated land, summer crops of old cultivated land, Citrus orchards, winter crops of reclaimed land, and summer crops of reclaimed land. Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis (DCCA) demonstrates that soil factors especially soil texture, CaCO3, organic carbon and electric conductivity contribute significantly to the distribution of species. In all habitat types, species diversity is higher in winter than in summer season. The weed species diversity is greater in the reclaimed areas compared to the old cultivated land and in winter crops than in summer ones.
flowing, and they have no yield stress. According to Foubert et al. (2006) and Gregersen et al. (2015a, 2015b) relationships between microstructure and macroscopic properties in coatings determine their flowing and textural properties (e.g. hardness
The research presents the effect of novel edible coatings based on low molecular weight chitosan on some properties of fresh-cut melon fruits – weight loss, total soluble solids, total acidity, mechanical strength and bacteria growth. Three different compositions were used as coatings – pure chitosan, chitosan and Ca lactate and alginate/chitosan multilayers. It was shown that the additional alginate layer substantially improves the protective properties of pure chitosan coating, resulting in preservation of cell structure. Negligible negative effect on the antibacterial activity of pure chitosan is demonstrated.
The distribution of plant communities and the pattern of species diversity were studied along an altitudinal gradient in the northwestern Red Sea region. A total of 58 stands were studied, using ten quadrats (10 m × 10 m) per stand. The classification of vegetation using the Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) identified five groups representing different altitudinal ranges. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) clearly distinguished these groups by the first two DCA axes. Edaphic factors such as soil texture, CaCO 3 , organic carbon, and electrical conductivity contribute to the distribution of plant communities. Species richness, Shannon-index of diversity and evenness show a hump-shaped curve along the altitudinal gradient, whereas beta diversity decreases with elevation. Variation in the diversity and the distributional behaviour of plant species and plant communities in the study area may be attributed to the change of water resources, climatic factors, edaphic variables and anthropogenic pressures along the elevation gradient. The implications of the results are discussed and recommendations are suggested for conservation and sustainable utilization of vegetation.
The carbon balance of the sandy pasture (Bugac) and the mountain meadow (Mátra) varied between −171 and 96 gC m−2 year−1, and −194 and 14 gC m−2 year−1, respectively, during the study period (2003–2009). Large part of interannual variability of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was explained by the variation of the annual sum of precipitation in the sandy grassland ecosystem, while this relationship was weaker in the case of the mountain meadow on heavy clay soil. These different responses are largely explained by soil texture characteristics leading to differences in soil water contents available to plants at the two grasslands. The grassland on heavy clay soil was more sensitive to temporal distribution of rainfall for the same reason. The mountain meadow therefore seems to be more vulnerable to droughts, while the sandy grassland is better adapted to water shortage. The precipitation threshold (annual sum), below which the grassland turns into source of carbon dioxide on annual basis, is only 50–80 mm higher than the 10 years average precipitation sum. In extremely dry years (2003, 2007 and 2009), even the sandy grassland ecosystem was not stable enough to maintain its sink character.
