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Five isolates of Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens and four isolates of Bacillus subtilis were evaluated for their ability to control Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of stem and stolon rot of peppermint (Mentha piperita Lin.). Of the various isolates of T. viride, P. fluorescens and B. subtilis tested, TVUV10, PFMMP and BSG3 showed the maximum inhibition of mycelial growth of R. solani. Among these isolates, P. fluorescens, PFMMP recorded the highest inhibition zone against R. solani in vitro and was very effective in reducing disease incidence in greenhouse condition. The effective isolates were evaluated for their ability to induce defense related enzymes and chemicals in plants. Increased activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (PO), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and total phenolics were recorded in the biocontrol agents pretreated peppermint plants challenged with R. solani. P. fluorescens isolate PFMMP recorded early and increased synthesis of all defense related enzymes and total phenol. Thus, the present study shows that application of biocontrol agents; induce defense related enzymes involved in phenyl propanoid pathway in addition to direct antagonism which collectively contribute for enhanced resistance against invasion of R. solani in M. piperita.
Metal complexes of fenoterol drug
Preparation, spectroscopic, thermal, and biological activity characterization
Abstract
Metal complexes of fenoterol (FEN) drug are prepared and characterized based on elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, magnetic moment, molar conductance, and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) techniques. From the elemental analyses data, the complexes are formed in 1:2 [Metal]:[FEN] ratio and they are proposed to have the general formula [Cu(FEN)2]·2H2O; [M(FEN)2(H2O)2]·yH2O (where M = Mn(II) (y = 2), Co(II) (y = 4), Ni(II) (y = 4), and Zn(II) (y = 0) and [Cr(FEN)2(H2O)2]Cl·H2O. The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal chelates are non-electrolytes except Cr(III) complex, having 1:1 electrolyte. IR spectra show that FEN is coordinated to the metal ions in a uninegative bidentate manner with ON donor sites of the aliphatic –OH and secondary amine –NH. From the magnetic moment measurements, it is found that the geometrical structures of these complexes are octahedral (Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II)) and square planar (Cu(II)). The thermal behavior of these chelates is studied using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TG and DTA) techniques. The results obtained show that the hydrated complexes lose water molecules of hydration followed immediately by decomposition of the coordinated water and ligand molecules in the successive unseparate steps. The FEN drug, in comparison to its metal complexes is also screened for their antibacterial activity against bacterial species (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi), Yeasts (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cervisiae), and Fungi (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus). The activity data show that the metal complexes have antibacterial activity like that of the parent FEN drug against one or more species.
In this study, Lactobacillus pentosus expressing porcine lactoferrin (pLF) was tested for in vitro antibacterial activity and for its ability to enhance immunity induced by an orally administered Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV) vaccine. The cDNA encoding N-terminus of pLF was cloned into a Lactobacillus-specific plasmid to produce L. pentosus pLF expressing transformants (pPG612.1-pLFN/ L. pentosus). The antimicrobial activity of the recombinant pLF protein inhibited bacterial growth in vitro. The supernatant of pPG612.1-pLF-N/L. pentosus had an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus strain CVCC26003, Bacillus subtilis strain CVCC63501, Escherichia coli strain CVCC10141 and Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica Choleraesuis strain CVCC79102, while it did not inhibit the growth of Lactobacillus casei strain ATCC393. A mouse model was established to test the effectiveness of the orally administered probiotic L. pentosus recombinant strain in the gastrointestinal tract. Mice were immunised with an attenuated porcine Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV) vaccine. Serum antibody levels determined using a mouse Aujeszky’s disease IgG ELISA showed that IgG levels were significantly higher in the pPG612.1-pLFN/L. pentosus group than in the PBS and Lactobacillus pentosus groups at days 7 and 21 (P < 0.01) and at day 14 (P < 0.05), indicating that this oral recombinant strain can improve the effectiveness of the vaccine and play a role in immune enhancement through humoral immunity. These results suggest that the recombinant Lactobacillus pentosus not only has the beneficial characteristics of lactic acid bacteria but also produces biologically functional lactoferrin.
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