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Ultrasonic wave attenuation within the flesh of intact greenhouse-grown pepper (Capsicum annum L.) fruits was measured during growth, to try to correlate this attenuation with quality-related physical properties: firmness, dry weight percentage (DW%) and total soluble solids (TSS) contents, and chemical composition. Twenty examples of each of three cultivars were picked weekly during a 7-week growth period, and weight, color, and ultrasonic wave attenuation were recorded, to nondestructively trace the changes during growth, and each intact pepper was then subjected to a relaxation test to determine firmness. Then, small samples of fruit flesh were destructively analyzed to determine DW% and TSS.During the 55th to the 65th day after flowering the fruits of all three cultivars reached their maximum weight, color started to change, and DW% and TSS started to increase rapidly; and the fruits were nondestructively examined by mechanical relaxation and ultrasonically. Principal component regression (PCR) analysis revealed significant (95%) correlation between ultrasonic attenuation, TSS and physical parameters. A TSS prediction model was developed for all three cultivars.
Abstract
In the present research we studied the effect of the solvent used, whether it was polar water or a non-polar organic solvent (n-hexane or n-hexadecane), on the basal-spacing and bulk structure of the sorbate-sorbent complexes obtained by the secondary adsorption of nitrobenzene and m-nitrophenol by two types of organo-montmorillonites. X-ray measured basal spacings before and after thermal treatments up to 360°C. The organo-clays were synthesized, with 41 and 90% replacement of the exchangeable Na+ by hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA), with mono-and bilayers of HDTMA cations in the interlayer space, labelled OC-41 and OC-90, respectively. After heating at 360°C both organo-clays showed spacing at 1.25–1.28 nm, due to the presence of interlayer-charcoal, indicating that in the preheated organo-clays the HDTMA was located in the interlayer. The thermo-XRD-analysis of Na-clay complexes showed that from organic solvents both sorbates were adsorbed on the external surface but from water they were intercalated. m-Nitrophenol complexes of both organo-clays obtained in aqueous suspensions contain water molecules. Spacings of nitrobenzene complexes of OC-41 and OC-90 and those of nitrophenol complexes of OC-41 showed that the adsorbed molecules were imbedded in cavities in the HDTMA layers. Adsorption of m-nitrophenol by OC-90 from water and n-hexane resulted in an increase of basal spacing (0.21 and 0.29 nm, respectively) suggesting the existence of a layer of nitrophenol molecules sandwiched between two parallel HDTMA layers.
, and contextual indicators of progression and success, and (2) that gambling is defined by betting and wagering mechanics, predominantly chance-determined outcomes, and monetisation features that involve risk and payout to the player. The element of
physico-chemical characteristics of all samples were determined by BET, chemical analysis (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, ICP-AES) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Experimental SnO 2 /γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts
carbon support. The catalysts were characterized by their ICP analysis, BET surface area, TEM study, XRD spectra and reducibility under H 2 flow. Experimental Carbon support Commercial carbon (Prolabo, 97
were outgases at 100 °C (heating rate 1 °C/min). With the use of “Izotermy” [ 17 ] computer software, the calculations of specific surface by BET method ( S BET ) and distributions of pore via effective radii was conducted
adsorption–desorption curves of Pd/C. Pd/C exhibits high nitrogen adsorption capacity, and the BET surface area is 907 m 2 g −1 . According to the IUPAC classification, the isotherm of Pd/C is of type I which results from the uniform microporous structure
analysis of gamblers' account data were often restricted to a single type of gambling (for example, only sports betting or only poker), using data from a single gambling operator. This is due to the difficulty for researchers to access gambling data from
magnesia and the calcinations temperature in terms of specific surface area, pore volume is shown in Table 1 . The BET surface area and the pore volume value of the samples calcined at 550 °C increases from 76.5 to 138.3 m 2 /g and from 0.208 to 0.339 cc g
Introduction Gambling takes many forms in Australia, including lottery tickets, sports betting, and electronic gambling machines (EGMs). With the partial exception of Western Australia, liberalisation of gambling opportunities since the 1990s has
