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, L. 2000. Virulence of Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici in Germany and European part of Russia in 1996–1999. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 35 :409–412. Mikhailova L
, pulmonary infections, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, and toxic shock syndrome (TSS) [ 2 , 4 ]. S. aureus infections involve the production of several virulence factors associated with clinical symptoms such as hemolysins, leukotoxins
known as Vibrio fetus ) causing abortion in humans was reported in 1947 [ 19 ]. The CFF strains have a plethora of virulence factors that assist in their proliferation and infection. The surface layer (S-layer) is a para-crystalline protein structure
due to hematogenous spread from the liver [ 4 ]. To date, there are four major classes of virulence factors that have been characterized well in K. pneumoniae : capsule, including the production of hypercapsule in hvKp strains; lipopolysaccharide
As an occasional foodborne pathogen in seafood, Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been responsible for gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Shewanella putrefaciens coexists with V. parahaemolyticus and increases virulence factors of V
and inadequate antibiotic development encouraged the re-use of old antibiotics [ 11–14 ]. Efflux pumps can be effective in cell signaling, metabolism, homeostasis and different roles such as bacterial virulence. There are five main efflux pumps in
. Magyar , T. ( 1990 ): Virulence and lienotoxicity of Bordetella bronchiseptica in mice . Vet. Microbiol. 25 , 199 – 207 . Magyar , T. and Glavits , R. ( 1990
factors directly or indirectly through the secretion of several virulence factors to prevent phagosome maturation or escape into the cytosol and thereby prevent their elimination and establish their niche within the macrophage [ 1 ]. Due to harsh
. Apoga , D. , Åkesson , H. , Jansson , H.B. , Odham , G. 2002 . Relationship between production of the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol and virulence in isolates of the plant pathogenic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana. Eur. J. Plant Pathol
trichothecenes in fusariosis of wheat, barley and maize evaluated by gene disruption of the trichodiene synthase (Tri5) gene in three field isolates of different chemotype and virulence. Molec. Plant Pathol. 7(6): 449
