Search Results
Abstract
A crystallization kinetics analysis of several polypropylene-polyethylene (PP-PE), PP-rich copolymers was made by means of differential scanning calorimetry. The crystallization was studied via calorimetric measurements at different cooling rates. Several additives were added to the base material. Some test samples were subjected to artificial ageing processes. A modified isoconversional method was used to describe the crystallization process under non-isothermal conditions. The value of the Avrami parameter was determined for primary and secondary crystallization.
Abstract
Kinetics of exothermal decomposition of 2-nitrophenylhydrazine (2-NPH) and 4-nitrophenylhydrazine (4-NPH) was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The isoconversional methods, Friedman and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, were applied to determine the activation parameters from the common analysis of multiple curves measured at different heating rates. For the processes involving two-step reactions the multivariate non-linear regression was used. A good agreement between the experimental and the fitted data was found.
Abstract
The combustion of two different sewage sludges and a semianthracite coal was studied and compared by thermogravimetric analysis. Non-isothermal thermogravimetric data were used to evaluate the Arrhenius parameters (activation energy and the pre-exponential factor) of the combustion of these carbonaceous materials. The paper reports on the application of model-free isoconversional methods for evaluating and comparing the corresponding activation energy of the combustion process.
Abstract
A variety of isoconversional and model fitting approaches, all of which use multiple heating schedules, are used to analyze selected data from the ICTAC kinetics and lifetime projects as well as additional simulated data sets created for this work. The objective is to compare the accuracy and suitability of various approaches for various types of chemical reactions. The various simulated data sets show that model fitting and isoconversional methods have comparable reliability for extrapolation outside the range of calibration. First, there is as much variability in prediction for various isoconversional methods as there is between isoconversional methods as a group and different plausible explicit models. Of the three isoconversional models investigated, the Friedman method is usually the most accurate. This is particularly true for energetic materials that have a drop in apparent activation energy in the latter stages of reaction, which leads to a delayed onset of rapid autocatalysis at lower temperatures. It is difficult to determine a priori whether isoconversional or model fitting approaches will give more accurate predictions. The greatest reliability is attained by using both the isoconversional and model fitting approaches on a combination of isothermal and constant heating rate data.
Abstract
Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) prills were prepared by emulsion crystallization and characterized by optical microscopic, thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) techniques. The isothermal and non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of ADN prills were studied by TG. The differential isoconversional method of Friedman (FR) and integral isoconversional method of Vyazovkin were used to investigate the dependence of activation energy (E a) with conversion (α) and the results were compared with literature data. The dependence of activation energy was also derived from isothermal data. A strong dependence of E a with α is observed for the ADN prills. All the methods showed an initial increase in E a up to α=∼0.2 and later decreases over the rest of conversion. The apparent E a values of FR method are higher than that of Vyazovkin method up to α=∼0.45. The calculated mean E a values by FR, Vyazovkin and standard isoconversional method for α between 0.05 and 0.95 were 211.0, 203.9 and 156.9 kJ mol−1, respectively.
Abstract
The Eu tris(dibenzoylmethanato)phenanthroline complex doped xerogel has been synthesized by a catalyst-free sol-gel roure. The non-isothermal kinetic analysis is calculated by Friedman isoconversional method and multivariate non-linear regression method. The overall decomposition process below 600C is fitted by an Fn model (n order reaction), corresponding to the dehydration of the matrix, and a two-step consecutive reaction of Cn model (n order autocatalytic reaction), corresponding to the decomposition of organic complex. Correlation coefficient is 0.99986. The lifetime values of xerogel, defined as the 5% decomposition of europium organic complex, indicate that the xerogel can find application at near room temperature.
Some transition metal nitrate complexes with hexamethylenetetramine
Part LV. Preparation, X-ray crystallography and thermal decomposition
Abstract
Three hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) metal nitrate complexes such as [M(H2O)4(H2O-HMTA)2](NO3)·4H2O (where M=Co, Ni and Zn) have been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Their thermal decomposition have been studied by using dynamic, isothermal thermogravimery (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Kinetics of thermal decomposition was undertaken by applying model-fitting as well as isoconversional methods. The possible pathways of thermolysis have also been proposed. Ignition delay measurements have been carried out to investigate the response of these complexes under condition of rapid heating.
Crystallization kinetics of metallic glasses
Transformation diagrams
Abstract
In this study, the temperature-heating rate diagram of the main crystallization process of two metallic glasses, Fe74Ni3.5Mo3B16Si3.5 and Fe41Ni38Mo3B18, was obtained from one experimental differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scan and the knowledge of their activation energy as determined by an isoconversional method. A good concordance was observed between the diagram curves obtained by calculation (isoconversional approach) and the experimental data, which verifies the reliability of the method and the validity of the kinetic approach in these alloys.
Abstract
A modified isoconversional method is applied to perform the kinetic analysis of non-isothermal processes. The solidification process of a polyethylene glycol with a mean molecular of 4000 (PEG 4000) was here analyzed. It was stated that the Avrami model provides a good description of the solidification process. Temperature-cooling rate-transformation diagrams were constructed and there was a good agreement between experimental data and the calculated T-CR-T curves. Moreover, morphological qualitative analysis has been performed by means of scanning electron microscopy.
Curing process of phenol-urea-formaldehyde-tannin (PUFT) adhesives
Kinetic studies by DSC and DMA
Summary
Phenol-urea-formaldehyde-tannin (PUFT) adhesives have been prepared by copolymerization at room temperature of pine bark tannins with phenol-urea-formaldehyde (PUF) prepolymers prepared under varying operating conditions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) have been used to analyse the curing of prepolymers and adhesives. DSC curves were obtained at three different heating rates and, by means of the Model Free Kinetics isoconversional method, chemical conversion vs. time at a given temperature was obtained. Mechanical conversion was calculated from DMA storage modulus data for those adhesives which gave the best results for plywood and MDF boards.
