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Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 52 187 – 200 . 6. Youngen , G. K. , Citation patterns to electronic preprints in
Abstract
The citation motivations among 51 self citing authors in several natural science disciplines were investigated. Results of a survey on reasons for both self citation and citation to others show that there are very few differences in motivation, and that there are plausible intellectual grounds for those differences which are substantial. Analysis of exposure in text reveals virtually no differences between self citations and citations to others. Analysis of individual disciplines also uncover no substantive differences in either motivation or exposure in text.
References 1. Van Raan , A. F. J. 2001 Competition among scientist for publication status: Toward a model of scientific publication and citation
Abstract
Citation data have been collected for a large number of chemists at American universities. The principal objectives are to examine the use of citations as a tool in the study of sociology of chemical research and to determine the feasibility and accurancy of using automatically generated data. Past results in each of these areas, as well as a projection of future uses of citation data, are presented. First, a pilot study is described and some tentative conclusions discussed. The method used minimizes some of the most commonly-expressed criticism of citation data, such as multiple author, self-citations, etc. An effort has been made to establish the accuracy of automatically generated citation data. This project uses as a base for comparison the complete bibliographies of several thousand chemists. Several different citation indices are compared with other indicators commonly employed in discussions of the characteristics of the field of chemistry. The results generally support the idea that citations are meaningful. However, they also reveal some problems which require that great care be exercised in the use of citation data. The use of citation data to 
observe
a chemistry subfield over time also is illustrated.
Evaluation and measurement of Third World countries' research publications: A citation and country-by-country citation study The University of New South Wales Sydney . Osareh , F
Abstract
It appears popular, particularly among science administrators, to use citations and various citation measures for ranking scientists, as if such exercises would reflect the scientific potential of the persons considered. In recent time the Hirsch index h in particular has obtained visibility in this respect in view of its simplicity. We consider a possible extension of the concept of selective citations, which in fact is innate to the h index, and propose a simple generalization, indices H and Q, which to a degree supplement the information accompanying the evaluation of h. The H index keeps record of the “history” of citations and the quotient Q = H/h is a measure for the quality of a scientist based on the history of his/her citations.
, Q. S. , China's Core Journals in Natural Sciences — Application of China Natural Science Citation Index , World Books , 1988 , No.1 (in Chinese). 3. ISTIC 1990 Statistics
Abstract
Citations from 1980 to 1988, obtained from fifty biomedical journals covered by theJournal Citation Reports (JCR) are studied. In purely numerical terms, the evolution of each citation (journal citation), including its impact factor (IF), would depend essentially on three variables for each journal: (i) the yearly rate of increase of items that could be cited (citable items), (ii) the relative yearly increment of the citing journals, (iii) the relative yearly increment of citations. The mechanics of this give rise to the three standard patterns for journal citations, namely: (i) annual impact factors increase each year (ascending evolution), (ii) annual impact factors remain the same each year (constant evolution), (iii) annual impact factors decrease each year (descending evolution). The reason why some journal citation profiles do not fit into the standard patterns is presumably that forces are at work able to alter the numerical mechanics described. The concepts of saturation/unsaturation of the demand for scientific information are introduced, showing how they are reflected in the impact factor figures for the journals cited.
humanities (Marshakova–Shaikevich 2001 , 2009 ). 1 Three factors determine the worst situation of the last group: (1) the lack of representative citation indexes causes that the results of their application in the humanities are inadequate; (2) there is a
have been evaluated in terms of the citations they motivate, while journals are typically rated according to the impact factors reflecting the number of citations to their articles. Citations have been a major factor since the 1920s (Gross and Gross
