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statistically significant change in outcome. Some studies used clinical interviews for diagnoses ( Crosby & Twohig, 2016 ; Hallberg et al., 2017 , 2019 , 2020 ; Holas et al., 2020 ; Orzack et al., 2006 ; Twohig & Crosby, 2010 ), others used screening
Background
Behavioral addictions often onset in adolescence and increase the risk of psychological and social problems later in life. The core symptoms of addiction are tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, lack of control, and compulsive occupation with the behavior. Psychometrically validated tools are required for detection and early intervention. Adolescent screening instruments exist for several behavioral addictions including gambling and video gaming addiction but not for exercise addiction. Given recent empirical and clinical evidence that a minority of teenagers appear to be experiencing exercise addiction, a psychometrically robust screening instrument is required.
Aims
The aim of this study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of a youth version of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) – a robust screening instrument that has been used across different countries and cultures – and to assess the prevalence of exercise addiction and associated disturbed eating.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was administered to three high-risk samples (n = 471) aged 11–20 years (mean age: 16.3 years): sport school students, fitness center attendees, and patients with eating disorder diagnoses. A youth version of the EAI (EAI-Y) was developed and distributed. Participants were also screened for disordered eating with the SCOFF Questionnaire.
Results
Overall, the EAI-Y demonstrated good reliability and construct validity. The prevalence rate of exercise addiction was 4.0% in school athletes, 8.7% in fitness attendees, and 21% in patients with eating disorders. Exercise addiction was associated with feelings of guilt when not exercising, ignoring pain and injury, and higher levels of body dissatisfaction.
Background and aims
Since the inclusion of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in the latest (fifth) edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a tentative disorder, a few psychometric screening instruments have been developed to assess IGD, including the 9-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale – Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) – a short, valid, and reliable instrument.
Methods
Due to the lack of research on IGD in Slovenia, this study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the IGDS9-SF in addition to investigating the prevalence rates of IGD in a nationally representative sample of eighth graders from Slovenia (N = 1,071).
Results
The IGDS9-SF underwent rigorous psychometric scrutiny in terms of validity and reliability. Construct validation was investigated with confirmatory factor analysis to examine the factorial structure of the IGDS9-SF and a unidimensional structure appeared to fit the data well. Concurrent and criterion validation were also investigated by examining the association between IGD and relevant psychosocial and game-related measures, which warranted these forms of validity. In terms of reliability, the Slovenian version IGDS9-SF obtained excellent results regarding its internal consistency at different levels, and the test appears to be a valid and reliable instrument to assess IGD among Slovenian youth. Finally, the prevalence rates of IGD were found to be around 2.5% in the whole sample and 3.1% among gamers.
Discussion and conclusion
Taken together, these results illustrate the suitability of the IGDS9-SF and warrants further research on IGD in Slovenia.
, Basil, Mathews, & Osinowo, 2006 ) including scholars carrying out research into SA. Invalid screening instruments for assessing SA in women Another reason for skewed prevalence rates may be the tools used to
necessary validity research or developing a proper theoretical foundation for behavioral addictions. This type of research will thus provide us with more screening instruments (confirmatory thinking), instead of stimulating the fundamental validation and
perspective in addition to adolescent ratings with adapted screening instruments (e.g., the SDQ, Goodman, 1997 ), and to compare these two perspectives. Combining external with self-reported ratings seems to be a promising approach for a deeper understanding
screener: Development and psychometric properties of a new screening instrument for the assessment of pathological buying symptoms . PLoS One, 10 ( 10 ), e0141094 . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141094
Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS; Lesieur & Blume, 1987 ) to evaluate the participants’ gambling-related behavior and problems. The SOGS is a widely used screening instrument for problem gambling and shows good reliability and validity in the community and
attributable to the fact that the AUDIT was developed as a screening instrument that seems very sensitive to problematic alcohol use with the risk to overestimate alcohol use disorder ( Rumpf, Hapke, Meyer & John, 2002 ). The conclusions are restrained
desirability, and the honesty of the responses given. Nonetheless, despite the relatively common procedure of data collection, other variations have been found. The studies reported here used many different problem gambling screening instruments. It is
