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Fine, hollow, spherical particles with an average size of one micronmeter were formed through pyrolysis of aerosol of nickel nitrate solution. The aerosol product obtained by fast heating to 450°C consisted of tiny crystallites of NiO, hydrated nitrate, and other non-crystalline phase(s). By heating above 480°C, it consisted only of crystalline NiO. To understand the reactions occurring during the aerosolization process, thermal analysis was conducted on nickel nitrate hexahydrate in stagnant and flowing air using different heating rates. The mechanism for the decomposition of nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate is proposed.
Abstract
A DSC study has been carried out on isomalt, a commercial sugar alcohol derived from sucrose and widely used as a sweetener in the food industry. Isomalt is a mixture of two isomers:α-D-glucopyranosyl–1-6-mannitol (GPM) and α-D-glucopyranosyl–1-6-sorbitol (GPS). Release of the water of crystallisation (around 100C)and melting (around 150C) have been phenomenologically characterised using different scanning rates and heat treatments. The effect of dehydration/re-hydration on the melting has been investigated. The isomalt glass transition, at about 60C, was studied on samples cooled after melting. The dynamic aspect of structural relaxation of isomalt has been quantified by its fragility parameter. Glassy state stability has been evaluated by performing ageing experiments at sub-T g temperatures. During ageing, apart from the expected enthalpy relaxation effects, isomalt showed a peculiar behaviour, due to its isomeric composition. These preliminary and phenomenological results have been interpreted in terms of isomer structure and of carbohydrate-water interactions in the mixture.
A lime-pozzolan cement was used to make pastes containing different quantities of MSW fly ash. After setting, the pastes were cured in water at room temperature from 1 h to 260 days. The hydration characteristics and the nature of the hydration products of the various pastes were studied by simultaneous TG/DSC thermal analysis and X-ray diffractometry. The MSW fly ash was found to induce a slowing of the hydration process in lime-pozzolan pastes, and after some days an evident acceleration of hydration reactions occurred. Sulphate and chloride in the MSW fly ash yield hydration products forming a cementitious matrix.
Abstract
The calorimetric data of blended shrinkage-compensating binders with different compositions were measured at 25C at different water-binder ratios using an isothermal calorimeter. The hydration characteristics of shrinkage-compensating binders were evaluated and their influence on the expansive properties of blended shrinkage-compensating binders was determined. Composition and w/b ratio significantly affect the hydration rate and degree of shrinkage-compensating binders, as well as their expansive and mechanical properties. The total heat of hydration of binders decreases with w/c ratios. Its final hydration degree also decreases with w/c ratio. The ternary binders composed with Portland cement, mineral admixture and expansive agent show low hydration heat and rate of heat evolution, but their total heat of hydration increases continuously and surpasses that of binary binder in later period at low w/b ratio.
Abstract
Computer modelling of time dependences of radon release rate during hydration of 3CaO·SiO2 was carried out. It was demonstrated that the emanation thermal analysis (ETA) can be used for the characterisation of morphology changes during hydration of Portland cement clinker minerals. The presence of various additives and increased temperature affecting kinetics of hydration were simulated by the mathematical model of the radon release rate during hydration of 3CaO·SiO2. A good agreement between the mathematical model and ETA experimental results was found.
The hydration of C3A with and without CaCO3 was studied. The techniques used were X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, differential thermogravimetry and calorimetry.
A thin-layer chromatographic method for selective detection of chloral hydrate in alcoholic beverages is described. This hypnotic compound reacts with orcinol under alkaline conditions producing a yellow fluorescent compound. Other adulterants of alcoholic beverages, for example saccharin, diazepam, and phenobarbitone, do not interfere with the test. The detection limit for chloral hydrate is approximately 10 μg per spot (30 μg cm −2 ).
Abstract
Isothermal calorimetry and chemical shrinkage measurements are two independent techniques used to study the development of hydration in cementitious systems. In this study, calorimetry and chemical shrinkage measurements were combined and simultaneously performed on hydrating cement paste samples. Portland cement pastes with different water to cement ratios and a cement paste containing calcium sulfoaluminate clinker and anhydrite were studied. The combined calorimetry/chemical shrinkage test showed good reproducibility and revealed the different hydration behavior of sealed samples and open samples, i.e., samples exposed to external water during hydration. Large differences between sealed and open samples were observed in a Portland cement paste with low water to cement ratio and in the calcium sulfoaluminate paste; these effects are attributed to self-desiccation of the sealed pastes. Once the setup is fully automatized, it is expected that combined calorimetry/chemical shrinkage measurements can be routinely used for investigating cement hydration.
Abstract
The hydration of β-Ca2SiO4 stabilized by thermal treatment and barium addition was studied in CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2 and BaCl2 solutions. The heat evolution kinetics was followed by calorimetry. A considerable acceleration of the hydration process was found in the presence of electrolytes. The positive influence of barium ions was confirmed. The highest total heat output during the 3-day hydration was found for samples doped with 3 mole % BaO.
Abstract
The heats of hydration reactions for MgCl2⋅4H2O and MgCl2⋅2H2O include two parts, reaction enthalpy and adsorption heat of aqueous vapor on the surfaces of magnesium chloride hydrates. The hydration heat for the reactions MgCl2⋅4H2O+2H2O→MgCl2⋅6H2O and MgCl2⋅2H2O+2H2O→MgCl2⋅4H2O, measured by DSC-111, is –30.36 and –133.94 kJ mol–1,respectively. The adsorption heat of these hydration processes, measured by head-on chromatography method, is –13.06 and –16.11 kJ mol–1, respectively. The molar enthalpy change for the above two reactions is –16.64 and –118.09 kJ mol–1, respectively. The comparison between the experimental data and the theoretical values for these hydration processes indicates that the results obtained in this study are quite reliable.
