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the KBr disc method. BET surface areas of the catalyst samples were calculated from N 2 adsorption data acquired on an Autosorb-1 instrument (Quantachrome, USA) at liquid N 2 temperature. The acidity of the catalysts was measured by using the
cm. The BET surface area and pore size distributions of the catalysts were estimated by the low-temperature nitrogen adsorption at relative pressures (P/P 0 ) in the range 0.05–0.9. The UV–Vis spectrum was recorded on a Shimadzu-8400S
Vitamin A and vitamin E interaction behavior on chitosan microspheres
A calorimetric view
were calculated by applying the BET equation in N 2 isotherms, which gave 4.2, 14.1, and 9.6 m 2 g −1 for start chitosan, chitosan microspheres and reticulated chitosan microspheres, respectively. This fact evidences that the formation of
The relationship between the soil seed bank at the onset of the growing season and the structure of the ensuing vegetation under grazing was investigated in an eastern Mediterranean grassland. Species responses to two contrasting cattle grazing regimes were studied through plant trait analyses. Traits included plant size, phenology, seed size and germination fraction. Changes in species composition of the soil seed bank and the vegetation were analyzed using a plant functional group approach. The results showed that seed bank and relative cover of tall annual and perennial grasses increased when grazed late in the growing season. The opposite was noted for short annual grasses, annual legumes, annual thistles, annual crucifers and other annual forbs. Grazing treatments little affected plant cover of herbaceous perennials. Tall annual and tall perennial grasses have large seeds and germination rates over 90%. Short annual grasses showed similarly high germination rates but with smaller seeds. Annual legumes were characterized by medium size seeds and lower germination fractions (<50%). Tall annual grasses showed high competition capabilities at late grazed paddocks due to a combination of regeneration traits that included: high germination fraction, larger seed and seedling size, and inflorescence with morphological defenses. It is proposed that in addition to plant size and palatability, regeneration traits such as seed dormancy, seed and seedling size play an important role in determining the vegetation structure under different grazing regimes, thus contributing to the high plant species diversity characteristic to Mediterranean grasslands.
The hepatocurative potential of ethanolic extract (ETO) and sesquiterpene lactones enriched fraction (SL) of Taraxacum officinale roots was evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) induced hepatotoxicity in mice. The diagnostic markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin contents were significantly elevated, whereas significant reduction in the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and enhanced hepatic lipid peroxidation, liver weight and liver protein were observed in CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Post-treatment with ETO and SL significantly protected the hepatotoxicity as evident from the lower levels of hepatic enzyme markers, such as serum transaminase (ALT, AST), ALP and total bilirubin. Further, significant reduction in the liver weight and liver protein in drug-treated hepatotoxic mice and also reduced oxidative stress by increasing reduced glutathione content and decreasing lipid peroxidation level has been noticed. The histopathological evaluation of the liver also revealed that ETO and SL reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by CCl 4 . The results indicate that sesquiterpene lactones have a protective effect against acute hepatotoxicity induced by the administration of CCl 4 in mice. Furthermore, observed activity of SL may be due to the synergistic action of two sesquiterpene lactones identified from enriched ethyl acetate fraction by HPLC method.
more likely to engage in day-trading. Similar findings have emerged in relation to crypto trading, with Mills and Nower (2019) observing, using a sample of gamblers, that those who engaged in sports betting and high-risk stock trading were more likely
ratioed against 1,024 scans collected on samples of pure KBr (99+ %, Sigma Aldrich, Italy). The specific surface area of Mg 2 SnO 4 was determined by N 2 adsorption (BET method). The nitrogen adsorption curve was recorded by a Sorptomatic 1990
determined by the standard Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method and Barret–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) [ 35 – 37 ], using nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms by means of a Coulter SA-3100 analyzer. The kinetic parameters for dehydration processes were assessed
observed that the greater the lattice parameter ( a 0 ), obtained by XRD, the larger was the pore size diameters and, consequently, the greater the wall thickness of the material. This fact shows the correlation between the XRD and BET
Summary
A simple, sensitive, and rapid liquid chromatography-mass detection (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of betamethasone (BET) from intramuscular injection of phosphate and dipropionate BET produgs was developed for bioequivalence studies in human plasma. The calibration curve was linear over the range of concentrations (0.5–50.0 ng mL−1; r 2 = 0.99), showing a very high sensitivity without interferences at the retention times of BET (0.8 min) and the internal standard (IS) triamcinolone acetonide (0.95 min). Both drug (D) and IS were extracted from human plasma by liquid-liquid extraction, showing average recovery values of 94.0 and 98.9%, respectively. Within- and between-run precision studies demonstrated a variation coefficient <10% at all tested concentrations. Therefore, our analytical method proved to be validated according to the worldwide-accepted FDA guidelines and successfully applied for bioequivalence studies of parenteral formulations containing BET dipropionate (5 mg mL−1) and BET sodium phosphate (2 mg mL−1).
