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Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) is one of the most common viruses on cereal crops in Poland. Studies were undertaken aiming at molecular characterization of Polish isolates of the virus. The presence of two main groups, WDV-barley- and WDV-wheat-specific forms, in field samples has been confirmed. Detection and differentiation of WDV isolates was conducted using immuno-capture polymerase chain reactions. The studies were carried out on a set of 68 samples collected from different parts of the country. Obtained results demonstrated that WDV-wheat-specific form can infect all tested cereals: wheat, triticale, rye and barley while WDV-barley-specific form was identified mainly in barley and in rare cases in wheat plants. Comparative analysis of coat protein gene was performed using 16 WDV isolates originated from different hosts revealed high (>98%) nucleotide sequence identity. Moreover, WDVwheat- specific (Pol-WDV-W) and WDV-barley-specific (WDV-B) isolates were fully sequenced. Based on nucleotide sequence similarity, Pol-WDV-W should be classified as WDV-E and WDV-B as WDV-F strains. This is the first report of the complete sequence of WDV isolates from Poland.
Archaeobotany, the study of plant macrofossils (seeds and fruits) obtained from archaeological excavations, becomes particularly important when there is very little or no archaeological, written or iconographical material available about the cultivation of the plants found. This is particularly the case in relation to the early Hungarian settlers. The most significant event of the 10th century in the Carpathian Basin was the Hungarian conquest, yet this is the most fiercely debated period of Hungarian history, and the subject, in some cases, of extreme views. The information available on the way of life of the early Hungarians is very sparse, especially as regards farming and crop production skills. The conquering Hungarians were “semi-nomadic”. This may equally include mobile pastoralism and a limited extent of tillage and plant cultivation. Other archaeobotanical evidence suggests that the early Hungarians were not nomadic. There are very few seed remains directly relevant to the period of the Hungarian Conquest: the leading strata of early Hungarian society probably practised mobile pastoralism of a fundamentally Turkish character. It can be presumed that plant cultivation was the occupation assigned to common people who pursued a more sedentary way of life. It was probably these people whose plant remains were found in Lébény-Billedomb (near Gyor) in 1993 and are presented in this paper. This is the first evidence of plant cultivation by the early Hungarians. The finds from the 10th century settlement are rich in cereal species such as common wheat, barley, rye and millet.
Abstract
Water availability is one of the major physiological factors influencing plant growth and development. An assessment study has been done at the Szent István University, Gödöllő to evaluate and identify the water footprint of protein yield of field crop species. Twelve field crop species (Sugar beet Beta vulgaris, spring and winter barley Hordeum vulgare, winter wheat Triticum aestivum, maize Zea mays, sunflower Helianthus annuus, peas Pisum sativum, potato Solanum tuberosum, alfalfa Medicago sativa, oilseed rape Brassica napus, rye Secale cereale and oats Avena sativa) were involved in the study. Evapotranspiration patterns of the crops studied have been identified by the regular agroclimatology methodology and physiologically reliable protein ranges within crop yields were evaluated.
The results obtained suggest, that water footprint of cereals proved to be the lowest, however maize values were highly affected by the high variability of protein yield. Oilseed crops had considerably high protein yield with medium water efficiency. Alfalfa, potato and sugar beet water footprints were in accordance with their evapotranspiration patterns.
Protein based water footprint assessment seems to be more applicable in crop species evaluations than that of yield based methodologies.
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