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and emissions of diesel engines. Antioxidant additives in biodiesel effectively reduce the free radicals formation and improve the oxidation stability of the fuel. The TiO 2 nano-additive is eco-friendly, low cost, and non-toxic compared to other nano
Nanoparticle Concentration Eff. results max/increase % Comments [ 17 ] Water Al 2 O 3 0.2, 0.25, 0.3%wt 13% Al 2 O 3 , 11% Fe 2 O 3 Variable flow rate [ 18 ] Water Al 2 O 3 3, 1%vol 52.4, 73 Variable incident angles [ 19 ] Water TiO 2 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5%vol 56
nonionic 25 days [ 55 ] ZnO EG 3hours + stirring non 6 h [ 56 ] TiO 2 water 60 min Acetic acid 35 days [ 57 ] CuO DI water 270 min SDS 45 days [ 58 ] CNT water 20 min SDBS 30 days [ 59 ] Ag-MWCNT water 40 min non 40 h [ 60 ] Cu water 15 min CTAB 7 days [ 61
application widely in concrete due to high specific surface area, which also improves the strength and durability of the concrete [ 44 ]. Apart from nano silica, many other materials, for instance, nano TiO 2 , nano Fe 2 O 3 , nano Al 2 O 3 , etc. are used as
In the present study, fully developed laminar flow with forced convection heat transfer of Al2O3/water and TiO2/water nanofluids inside a vertical tube subjected by constant heat flux from the wall was numerically analyzed using Ansys Fluent release 17.2. In this work, the single-phase model was proposed to simulate the water and nanofluids heat transfer characteristics; spherical nanoparticles with a constant diameter equal to 30 nm are used. The study has been carried out on a Reynolds number with ranges (400-2000) and nanoparticles volume concentration up to 1.5%. the results show that the average Nusselt number for nanofluid is higher than that the base fluid (water) especially for TiO2/water nanofluid, the Nusselt number increased with increasing Reynolds number and volume concentration in all cases. The enhancement ratio for nanofluids compared to water at different volume friction was studied; the higher improvement is about 3.51% for TiO2/water nanofluid with 1.5% volume fraction. Moreover, a study for pressure drop along vertical tube was discussed.
that the pool boiling performance decreased while adding those nanoparticles. Trisaksri and Wongwises [ 14 ] carried out an experimental study to investigate the pool boiling heat transfer performance of titanium oxide nanoparticles TiO 2 based R141b
experimental works examined various nanoparticles namely (Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , MWCNT, CuO, SiO 2 , Nano silica, Ag) in various places of the world and under various conditions. In addition, these researchers examined the mentioned nanoparticles with
(%) Pozzolan class N ASTM C618 [ 12 ] CaO 10.43 – SiO₂ 73.7 – Al₂O₃ 0.72 – MgO 1.27 – Fe 2 O₃ 0.38 – SO₃ – 4 Na 2 O 12.71 – K 2 O 0.70 – TiO 2 0.086 – L.O.I – 10 SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 + Fe 2 O 3 , min. percent 74.8 Min. 70 2.3 Steel slag powder Particles finer
pure water are used as cooling mediums. In the study [ 36 ], laminar forced convection heat transfer of Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 nanoparticles-based water nanofluids inside a vertical tube was numerically studied. The results of this work indicate that the
3.3 0.3 0.5 SO 3 3.0 0.5 0.1 MgO 1.2 1.3 0.6 K 2 O 0.6 0.4 0.4 Na 2 O 0.2 – 13.1 MnO 0.3 – – TiO 2 0.3 – – Surface area (cm 2 /kg) 3,850 – – Moisture – 10 – 2.2 Fine aggregate The river sand was collected from the Drava River near Pécs, Hungary
