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Thermal analysis of some fly ashes
I. Gastitrimetric determination of carbon and sulfur contents of fly ashes
Abstract
The thermal behavior of different fly ashes from the electrical precipitators of various pulverized carbon fuel-fired boilers was investigated by means of simultaneous TG, DTG, DTA and EGA analysis. The carbon and sulfur contents of the samples were determined by gastitrimetry. The compositions of the samples were examined by X-ray diffraction. The quantitative oxide analysis of the ashes was carried out by means of a classical method.
Abstract
Thermal behaviour of raw fly ashes-wasted products from various Polish power plants has been investigated using X-ray diffractions (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG). On the basis of the DTA and TG analysis differentiation between examined ashes has been made, which could not be achieved by XRD and FT-IR methods.
Abstract
Fly ashes from the combustion of coal thermal power stations are commonly incorporated into portland cements and/or concretes and mortars. The chemical and morphological composition of fly ashes, together with their particle size, make them suitable as pozzolanic(non-calcic) or pozzolanic/hydraulic(highly calcic) additions to manufacture such building materials. This work focuses on the incorporation of two different fly ashes (non-calcic but of very different Fe2O3(%) contents, fineness and morphology) to two ordinary portland cements (of very different mineralogical composition as well), to determine the effects those have and the interactions they produce in the hydration reactions of portland cement. The main techniques employed for this study have been: conduction calorimetry and Frattini test; secondary techniques applied have also been: determination of setting times and analysis by X-ray diffraction and SEM. Analysis of the results obtained permitted to find different effects of fly ash addition on the hydration reactions of portland cements. Thus, dilution and stimulation effects augment with the increased fly ash percentage. Delay and acceleration of the reactions depend mainly on the type of portland cement and are accentuated with increased fly ash contents. Their behaviour as concerns heat dissipation mainly, depends on the type of fly ash used and is more pronounced with increased cement replacement. On the other hand, the pozzolanic activity of these fly ashes has been revealed at 7 and 28 days, but not at 2 days. Finally, pozzolanic cements can be manufactured using different portland cements and/or types of fly ashes, in the appropriate proportions and compatible qualities, depending on the effect(s) one wish to enhance at a specific age, which is according to previous general conclusions drew out of sulphate attack and chloride attack researches.
Thermal analysis of some fly ashes
II. Self-hardening activity of fly ashes
The self-hardening activity of fly ashes was investigated looking for the possibility of their chemical reactions with water without additives. A method had to be developed for separation of the structural water from the adsorbed or free one. The decomposition of the chemically bound water was measured by thermogravimetry. The‘I’ dimensionless number proved to be applicable for the quantitative characterisation of the measured data with more DTG peaks. The examined reaction depends on the chemical composition and the physical structure of the fly ashes and the time of interaction with water. The SO3 content seems important, but the characteristics of the formed compounds differ deeply from the CaSO4·2H2O. The observed and examined reaction is an important factor of the self-hardening process of fly ash deposits.
Abstract
The level and the behavior of the naturally occurring primordial radionuclides 238U, 226Ra, 210Pb, 232Th, 228Ra and 40K in coals and fly ashes are described. The activity concentrations of the examined coals and originated from coal mines in Greece ranged from 117 to 435 Bq·kg−1 for 238U, from 44 to 255 Bq·kg−1 for 226Ra, from 59 to 205 Bq·kg−1 for 210Pb, from 9 to 41 Bq·kg−1 for 228Ra and from 59 to 227 Bq·kg−1 for 40K. These levels are comparable to those appeared in coals of different countries worldwide. The activity concentrations of the examined fly ashes and produced in coal-fired power plants in Greece ranged from 263 to 950 Bq·kg−1 for 238U, from 142 to 605 Bq·kg−1 for 226Ra, from 133 to 428 Bq·kg−1 for 210Pb, from 27 to 68 Bq·kg−1 for 228Ra and from 204 to 382 Bq·kg−1 for 40K. The results showed that there is an enrichment of the radionuclides in fly ash relative to the input coal during the combustion process. The enrichment factors (EF) ranged from 0.60 to 0.76 for 238U, from 0.69 to 1.07 for 226Ra, from 0.57 to 0.75 for 210Pb, from 0.86 to 1.11 for 228Ra and from 0.95 to 1.10 for 40K.
fly ash into hydrating aluminate cement system [ 1 – 3 ]. These works mainly relate to the influence of different fly ashes coming from conventional technologies of combustion on hydration of cement and properties of the composite. In literature there
Abstract
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been utilized for the analysis of 19 different fly ashes, 1 sample of coal and 3 samples of industrial emissions. Both short and long irradiations in a nuclear reactor have been used. The irradiated samples have been measured by means of a computer-based Ge(Li) gamma-ray spectrometer. The concentrations of 27 elements have been determined in the samples.
Abstract
The subject of this paper was to determine some radionuclides in fly-ashes of Czechoslovak origin.226Ra,228Ac and40K were chosen because of their high information value. The radiometric measurements were carried out by means of a semiconductor detector.
Abstract
Investigations of physico-chemical properties of three kinds of fly ash and their influence on cement hydration were performed in this work. Thermal analysis, microcalorimetry, infrared absorption and others were used. It was confirmed that the kind of coal and combustion conditions essentially influence physico-chemical properties of fly ash and in consequence influence cement hydration. Investigated fly ashes show in cement system so-called pozzolanic activity. Fly ash from combustion of brown coal in fluidized furnace revealed better activity compared to other investigated ones. This work is an introduction to more extensive investigation of fly ash activation.
Abstract
Multielement determinations of coal fly ashes (NIST SRM-1633a and BCR CRM-38) have been carried out by instrumental photon activation analysis using 30 MeV bremsstrahlung and the internal standard method coupled with the standard addition method. In these determinations, some major and minor constituent elements in the samples were properly used as effective internal standards. As a result, it was demonstrated that concentrations of 18 elements were determined accurately and precisely. Furthermore, a similar multielement determination has also been examined using 20 MeV bremsstrahlung. In this case, it was proved that better results can be achieved, because all interfering reactions were eliminated completely.
