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). 2 Materials and methods The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons (2020 and 2021) at the experimental field and laboratories of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Crop Production
designed to investigate the impact of three variables, namely, growing season, nitrogen fertilization, and wheat variety, on Fusarium infection and mycotoxin production in wheat kernel. Material and methods The experiment was carried out during the 2020
The yield, protein and starch content of Martonvásár maize hybrids belonging to different FAO groups were examined in experiments involving early, optimal and late sowing dates in two different years (drought — 2007, favourable water supplies — 2008) on a calcareous chernozem soil with loam texture at the Látókép Experimental Station of the Centre of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, University of Debrecen.Sowing date had a significant effect on maize grain yield in the dry year. The grain yields of hybrids with longer growing periods were significantly higher than those with shorter growing periods in both years, but they reacted sensitively to the change in sowing date in the dry year. Due to the rainfall distribution in the growing season, sowing date did not modify the performance of the hybrids in the year with favourable water supplies. Sowing date had a significant effect on the grain protein content in the dry year, with significantly higher values after late sowing than after early or optimal sowing. Averaged over the sowing dates, the protein content of the FAO 200 hybrid was significantly higher in both years than that of hybrids in other FAO groups. In the dry year, the greatest difference in protein content could be observed between the early and late sowing dates for hybrids in all four FAO groups. A negative correlation was found between yield and protein content. Sowing date significantly increased the starch content of maize in the favourable year, with a significant difference between early and late sowing dates.In the dry year higher starch contents were recorded for all the hybrids and for all the sowing dates than in the favourable year. In the dry year, sowing date only caused a significant difference in the starch content in the case of FAO 200 sown at optimal and late sowing dates. In the favourable year, a significant difference was only obtained for the starch content of the FAO 400 hybrid sown at early and late sowing dates. Satisfactory quality can only be achieved if suitable genotypes are grown with appropriate technologies.
The aim of the research was to determine the effect of fertilisation and year on the SPAD value and on the dynamics of the SPAD value during the growing season.The results proved that the SPAD value steadily decreased over the growing season in a dry year, whereas it increased in a year with favourable precipitation. Fertilisation increased the SPAD values significantly (P<0.001). The significantly highest SPAD value, in both dry years and those with average rainfall, was achieved by applying 60 kg N ha −1 fertiliser active ingredient at the 6-leaf stage, and 120 kg N ha −1 at both the 12-leaf stage and the 50% silking stage.The correlation between fertilisation and SPAD values was greatly affected by the year, being closest in 2004 when there was an average precipitation supply, and weakest in 2007, the driest year. The correlation between the factors was weak at the 6-leaf stage, but became stronger as the vegetation period proceeded.As the growing season progressed, the SPAD values decreased in the dry year, but increased in the year with average precipitation supplies. Nutrient uptake was relatively intensive until the 12-leaf stage in the average year. In the dry year, the decrease in the SPAD value was the most intensive at the 50% silking stage.There was no stochastic correlation between the SPAD value measured at the 6-leaf stage and the yield, but the correlation between the two variables became stronger during the vegetation period.
The high degree of climate variability is one of the greatest risk factors for agricultural production, which needs to be taken into consideration at all times, even within the framework of modern agriculture.One of the most important ways of adapting to changing climatic conditions is to analyse varieties and genotypes with relatively good climatic adaptation in terms of yield potential and growing requirements.The effect of year on the yield of maize was examined using a twenty-four year yield sequence. The weather was extremely variable in the examined period, so the effect of fertilisation also differed greatly. There was a clear correlation between the quantity of precipitation in the winter period and in the growing season and the yield of unfertilised treatments. The quantitative relationship between the two variables was moderate, because not only the total quantity of precipitation, but also the distribution over time has a significant influence on the yield. Very low yields were not always associated with the lowest precipitation sums (1994, 1995). Larger yields, however, were only achieved with higher precipitation (1980, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2008). It can be clearly seen that similar precipitation quantities resulted in different yield levels, due to the distribution of precipitation over time. The available water in the soil profile in spring is decisively influenced by precipitation during the winter period. An analysis of the results revealed a close correlation between the years and the fertilisation rate. In dry years a lower rate of fertilisation was more favourable, while in years with average or above-average precipitation, higher rates led to better yields. Under droughty conditions, and especially in consecutive dry years, the application of not more than 60 kg N ha −1 fertiliser is recommended, as higher fertiliser rates (1995) increase the risk level of maize production, thus reducing the efficiency. In the case of favourable water supplies, experimental results suggest that the application of 120 kg N ha −1 is justified. The results of analysis of variance indicated that the fertiliser effect was significant when averaged over the twenty-four years, but when the years were evaluated separately, the effect was found to differ, depending on the water supplies.The yield of the maize hybrids was 10 t ha −1 in years with favourable water supplies, but only 2–4 t ha −1 in droughty years. Yield fluctuations can be reduced through appropriate soil cultivation, water and nutrient supplies.
The effect of cadmium (Cd) of atmospheric origin was investigated on certain terms in the heat balance and on the dry matter production of maize grown in the field at two water supply levels (rainfed and irrigated) in Hungary between 2010 and 2012. In contrast to previous experiments, the plants were exposed to pollution every week throughout the vegetation period. Among the plant parameters, a record was made of plant height, leaf area index and the length of the growing period. Water utilisation was estimated on the basis of water use efficiency, and efficiency from global radiation. Polluted maize used more water for the incorporation of unit dry matter, and was unable to absorb as much solar radiation as the unpolluted control plants. Irrigation moderated the negative effect of Cd on these parameters, suggesting that it could be of primary importance in overcoming the effects of Cd pollution of atmospheric origin.
progress curves under in vitro conditions. Material and methods In each of two growing seasons, two barley cultivars were artificially and individually infected with 16 FHB isolates under field conditions. When barley spikes were at the soft dough stage
– 512 . Pržulj , N. , Momcilovic , V. , Simic , J. , Mirosavljevic , M. 2014 . Effect of growing season and variety on quality of spring two-rowed barley . Genetika
Suyker, A.E., S.B. Verma, G.G. Burba, T.J. Arkebauer, D.T. Walters and K.G. Hubbard. 2004. Growing season carbon dioxide exchange in irrigated and rainfed maize. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 124: 1–13. Hubbard K
Straw is a valuable by-product from cereal production. It is used for agricultural purposes as feed and bedding material for livestock. Additionally, cereal straw is a resource for the production of sustainable biomaterials and bio-energy. To meet the demands of these sectors substantial amounts of straw, with specific properties (e.g. water-holding capacity), are necessary. Since wheat breeding has mainly focused on grain yield rather than on straw yield other cereal species, such as triticale, can be of interest. Therefore, in this research the straw yield and water-holding capacity of four winter wheat and four winter triticale varieties were studied during two growing seasons. For both wheat and triticale there were differences in dry matter yield and percentage dry matter between growing seasons. Furthermore, depending on the growing season, there were significant differences in straw yield between the different wheat and triticale varieties. However, during both growing seasons, the straw yield obtained from the triticale varieties was significantly higher compared to the straw yield obtained from the wheat varieties. Concerning the water-holding capacity, it was concluded that the water absorption potential of triticale straw was higher compared to the water absorption potential of wheat straw. However, only in 2014 a significant difference between wheat and triticale was noted. So, it can be concluded that, besides the known advantages of triticale (performance on marginal soils, disease resistance, low fertilizer input, etc.), this crop has the potential to deliver high yields of high quality straw.
