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The social structure of the 8th c. Bavaria reveals a highly dynamic picture: by the age of the last two ruling dukes of the Agilolfing dynasty, Odilo and Tassilo III, a system of personal statuses had crystallised that can be reconstructed from legal sources and charters, on the one hand; and the development of Bavarian nobility and the manifestation of this process in legislation can be dated to this period, on the other. After outlining the political/historical background (I.); this paper intends to give an in-depth investigation of this issue: following comments on the concept of libertas , the legal status of freemen (liberi) and servants (servi) will be looked at in the mirror of Lex Baiuvariorum (II); then, the relation between the duke and ancient Bavarian genealogiae , the development of the layer of the adalscalhae , the birth of the Bavarian order of nobles and its appearance in the resolutions of the Council of Dingolfing, and the issue of Bavarian counties prior to the Carolingians seizing power will be exposed relying on legal and literary sources (III).

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rejection of tyranny. Thus, the Ciceronian doctrine rightly serves as the basis for some kind of an interpretatio multiplex. It includes a committed republicanism, the proclamation of libertas, the rejection of despotism, the mikte politeia, the idea

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’Italia repubblicana ( Cedam 1995 ). Angiolini , V. , ‘ Costituzione tollerante, costituzione totale ed interpretazione della disciplina della libertà ’ in Romboli , R. (ed), La tutela dei diritti fondamentali davanti alle Corti costituzionali ( Giappichelli

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Consuls in the Roman Republic ( Cambridge UP 2011 ). Polo Toribio , G. , ‘ Algunas puntualizaciones entorno a la figura jurídica del incensus ’ ( 2009 ) 12 Revista General de Derecho Romano . Polo Toribio , G. , Manumissio. Libertas. Census. Civis

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interpretazioni dal punto di vista della dottrina romana della libertà fedecommissaria.’ The interpretation sounds rather simple if one explains the case from that single aspect. 25 On the development of trust cf. Kaser et al. (2021) 489–92. The strict formal

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king to transform maiestas into tyranny, and the tendency of citizens to convert libertas into self–will”. 13 Fear of the nobles before the establishment of the "absolutum dominium" in Poland, with the omnipotent monarch at its head, and the

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