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, substantial differences exist in the reliance of the rest of the world on China. “As of today, China accounts for 63% of the world's rare earth mining, 85% of rare earth processing, and 92% of rare earth magnet production.” ( Seligman 2022 ). 10 This
://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035001/pdf. McLellan , B. C. – Corder , G. D. – Ali , S. H. ( 2013 ): Sustainability of Rare Earths – An Overview of the State of Knowledge . Minerals
Russia and Czech Republic had a surplus for over a decade. Consequently, the trade balance of the ESEE region is positive primarily owing to them ( Fig. 2 .). It is worth noting that Russia's export primarily includes raw materials, rare-earths, and other
