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Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Authors:
Mark D. Griffiths
,
Zsolt Demetrovics
, and
Paweł A. Atroszko

not necessarily be more productive ( Griffiths, 2005a ). Furthermore, the available measures are not clinically validated and considering the ad hoc cut-off scores and the different screening instruments and samples used in the studies, scholars have

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Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Authors:
Jesús Castro-Calvo
,
Rafael Ballester-Arnal
,
Joel Billieux
,
Beatriz Gil-Juliá
, and
María Dolores Gil-Llario

screening instruments, such as the SCS ( r  = .64 and .61 in the paper-and-pencil and online group, respectively) or the HBI ( r of .70 and .61), as well as other related variables, such as sexual sensation seeking ( r  = .30), Internet addiction ( r  = .36

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. , Roberts , R. E. , & Allen , N. B. ( 1997 ). Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) as a screening instrument for depression among community

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Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Authors:
Dominic Sagoe
,
Mark. D. Griffiths
,
Eilin Kristine Erevik
,
Turid Høyland
,
Tony Leino
,
Ida Alette Lande
,
Mie Engen Sigurdsson
, and
Ståle Pallesen

idiosyncratic characteristics of the two outcomes. General gambling symptoms are typically assessed with different screening instruments with inherent restrictions on scores and standard deviations. On the other hand, behavioral outcomes such as amount of money

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( American Psychiatric Association, 2013 ), there is no official uniform diagnostic criteria to date. Currently, the most widely used screening instruments for MPA include the Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) ( Leung, 2008 ), the Mobile Phone Addiction

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, & Griffiths (2013) indicated that withdrawal is a major element of the definition of GD in screening instruments. Most gamers assessed by Ko et al. (2014) declared that they could not abstain from gaming for several days. A study demonstrated that 88% of

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Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Authors:
Orsolya Király
,
Joël Billieux
,
Daniel L. King
,
Róbert Urbán
,
Patrik Koncz
,
Eszter Polgár
, and
Zsolt Demetrovics

). When answering the questions, respondents were asked to think of the previous 3 months. CES-D is not designed to diagnose clinical depression, but it is a valid screening instrument to assess depressive mood and emotional suffering. The validity of the

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Abstract

Background and aims

Problematic exercise (PE) has mainly been assessed with self-report instruments. However, summarized evidence on the reliability of the scores derived from such instruments has yet to be provided. The present study reports a reliability generalization meta-analysis of six well-known self-report measures of PE (Commitment to Exercise Scale, Compulsive Exercise Test, Exercise Addiction Inventory, Exercise Dependence Questionnaire, Exercise Dependence Scale, and Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire).

Methods

Pooled effect sizes were computed using a random-effect model employing a restricted maximum likelihood estimation method. Univariable and multivariable meta-regressions analyses were employed for testing moderator variables.

Results

Data retrieved from 255 studies (741 independent samples, N = 254,174) identified three main groups of findings: (i) pooled alpha values that, ranging from 0.768 to 0.930 for global scores and from 0.615 to 0.907 for subscale scores, were found to be sensitive to sociodemographic and methodological characteristics; (ii) reliability induction rates of 47.58%; and (iii) the virtually non-existent testing of the assumptions required for the proper applicability of alpha. Data unavailability prevented the provision of summarized reliability estimates in terms of temporal stability.

Discussion

These findings highlight the need to improve reliability reporting of the scores of self-reported instruments of PE in primary studies. This implies providing both prior justification for the appropriateness of the index employed and reliability data for all the subpopulation of interest. The values presented could be used as a reference both for comparisons with those obtained in future primary studies and for correcting measurement-related artefacts in quantitative meta-analytic research concerning PE.

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statistically significant change in outcome. Some studies used clinical interviews for diagnoses ( Crosby & Twohig, 2016 ; Hallberg et al., 2017 , 2019 , 2020 ; Holas et al., 2020 ; Orzack et al., 2006 ; Twohig & Crosby, 2010 ), others used screening

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Background

Behavioral addictions often onset in adolescence and increase the risk of psychological and social problems later in life. The core symptoms of addiction are tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, lack of control, and compulsive occupation with the behavior. Psychometrically validated tools are required for detection and early intervention. Adolescent screening instruments exist for several behavioral addictions including gambling and video gaming addiction but not for exercise addiction. Given recent empirical and clinical evidence that a minority of teenagers appear to be experiencing exercise addiction, a psychometrically robust screening instrument is required.

Aims

The aim of this study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of a youth version of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) – a robust screening instrument that has been used across different countries and cultures – and to assess the prevalence of exercise addiction and associated disturbed eating.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was administered to three high-risk samples (n = 471) aged 11–20 years (mean age: 16.3 years): sport school students, fitness center attendees, and patients with eating disorder diagnoses. A youth version of the EAI (EAI-Y) was developed and distributed. Participants were also screened for disordered eating with the SCOFF Questionnaire.

Results

Overall, the EAI-Y demonstrated good reliability and construct validity. The prevalence rate of exercise addiction was 4.0% in school athletes, 8.7% in fitness attendees, and 21% in patients with eating disorders. Exercise addiction was associated with feelings of guilt when not exercising, ignoring pain and injury, and higher levels of body dissatisfaction.

Open access