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-branches [ 10–14 ]. The virulence of B. anthracis is based on an antiphagocytic poly-gamma- d -glutamic acid capsule, an exotoxin complex (lethal toxin and oedema toxin), and exoproteases that can lyse macrophages and release interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour
globally and locally opening. In the case of some clinically important species such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa , comparative studies are available regarding virulence factors, genomic diversity [ 1 ], or antibiotic resistance of strains isolated from
virulence of the bacterial pathogens and can cause significant damage to the host [ 96 ]. Relating the role of Chlamydia in the biofilm form with Borrelia could suggest that they have a symbiotic relation. In summary, our data provides strong
], as well as against Streptococcus mutans [ 4 ]. Notably, in vitro studies revealed that the expression of distinct virulence factors in Porphyromonas gingivalis , as well as bacterial growth, could be inhibited by vitamin D application [ 25
virulence of the virus, on crowded places, on the hygiene and behaviour of the person, and on co-infection with other pathogens [ 18 ]. Diagnosis Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and demonstration of the virus RNA. Detecting antibodies generated
Discussion Emerging evidence indicates that Pg has a more complex relationship with the host. It is not only considered as the most virulent periopathogen but rather a “key-stone pathogen” possessing an array of virulence factors and the potential
antimicrobial effect of blue light: What are behind? Virulence . 2017 ; 8 : 649 – 52 . doi: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1276691 . 9. Dai T , Hamblin MR
antibiotic resistance and E. coli virulence genes in bacteriophage and prophage nucleotide sequences . Bacteriophage . 2014 ; 4 : e27943 . 10.4161/bact.27943 30. Zankari E. Comparison of the web tools ARG-ANNOT and ResFinder for detection of
19. Bouzid M , Hunter PR , Chalmers RM , Tyler KM . Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence . Clin Microbiol Rev . 2013 ; 26 ( 1 ): 115 – 34 . 10.1128/CMR
virulence factors and V. cholerae O1 in the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland . Appl Environ Microbiol 2015 ; 81 : 1909 – 18 . https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03540-14 . 10.1128/AEM.03540-14 26. Ottaviani D , Masini L , Bacchiocchi S . A biochemical protocol
