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. Regarding these studies, let us address some primary concerns: (a) there is a lack of longitudinal studies to confirm the disorder’s stability; (b) the screening instruments used are not valid for diagnosis; (c) there is a large probability of false
-month follow-up ( t 4). All of the above scales are established screening instruments with good psychometric properties. Case Formulation Adam’s initial expression of interest in pornography appeared to be well
. Hafeli , J. , & Schneider , C. ( 2006 ). The early detection of problem gamblers in casinos: A new screening instrument . Paper presented at the Asian Pacific Gambling Conference, Hong Kong
measured with screening instruments. The instruments were also self-report measures, which may have biased the results and could have been affected by social desirability in the case of addictions. Moreover, the sample comprised pathological gamblers in
outpatient services that treat patients with a variety of psychiatric disorders, Dowling et al. ( 2014 ) found that 2% of the 51 individuals (i.e., one person) met criteria for PG using a very brief screening instrument (the Brief Bio-Social Gambling Screen
.05.001 Vadlin , S. , Åslund , C. , & Nilsson , K. W. ( 2015 ). Development and content validity of a screening instrument for gaming addiction in adolescents: The Gaming Addiction Identification Test (GAIT
