Search Results
Abstract
We investigate the relationship between economic growth and real exchange rate (RER) misalignments within the European Union (EU) during the period of 1995–2016. In addition to the relative price level of GDP, we quantify an alternative indicator for the RER: the internal relative price of services to goods. We interpret RER misalignments as deviations from the levels consistent with the levels of economic development among the EU countries. Using pooled OLS and dynamic panel techniques, we find that within the EU over- (under-) valuations are associated with lower (higher) growth. This is mainly due to developments in the countries operating under the fixed exchange rate regimes. Our results indicate that the level of development does not influence the strength of the growth-misalignment relationship within the EU. Regarding the price level of GDP, we find that the positive relationship between undervaluation and growth diminishes with the degree of undervaluation. We find that overvaluation has a statistically significant negative effect on export market shares and private investments, indicating that both the competitiveness and the investment channels play a role in the relationship between growth and RER misalignments. As an extension, we show that the effects of “wage misalignments” from levels consistent with productivity are also negatively related to economic growth. The policy implications of the analysis point to the importance of a growth strategy avoiding overvaluation on the one hand, and to the futility of aiming at excessive undervaluation, on the other.
Abstract
Both the level and composition of public expenditures and revenues have implications for economic development, as argued by the ‘fiscal multiplier’ and the ‘quality of public finance’ literature. Public finance decisions also influence the distribution of income. By reviewing the literature, I argue for a fair distribution of income as reflected in low income inequality, not particularly because of the impact of income inequality on long-term growth (which is a controversial issue), but primarily because income inequality typically implies inequality of opportunity. European Union countries have very diverse public finance structures and different levels of effectiveness, and there is room for improvement in growth and equality impacts in all countries. A general guideline would be that the most effective approach comprises progressive taxes and inheritance taxes, spending on education, health and public infrastructure, and better government effectiveness. At the height of the 2008 global and the subsequent European financial and economic crises, the fiscal consolidation strategies of EU countries largely relied on cutting public investment and social spending (except pensions), which is the opposite of what is suggested in the literature. Better fiscal rules and good fiscal institutions are needed to safeguard growth- and distribution friendly expenditures in a crisis.
group AB (60%) or group O (40%) blood type. Overall, the findings from these studies suggest a possible genetic basis in the association of group AB blood type with incidence of AP, although the small sample sizes of the studies preclude the ability to
/m 2 UV light Acid 0.01 N HCl 14 d Neutral H 2 O 40 °C
. Synthesis, physical-chemical and catalytic properties of mixed compositions Ag/H 3 PMo 12 O 40 /SiO 2 J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011 . doi: 10.1007/s10973-011-1430-z . 28. Tarafdar , A , Panda
.67 Yb 2 oba 3 ·6H 2 O 40–85 2H 2 O 2.94 2.57 170 137 170–460 600 67
regarding the imp. H as its closest eluting impurity. The resolution between the RIV and imp. H ( Rs RIV/imp. H), using mobile phase of EtOH :H 2 O (40:60%, v/v ) was lower than 1.5. Therefore, the percentage of EtOH was decreased to 35% ( v/v ), which
Magnesium sulphate complexes with hexamethylenetetramine and 1,10-phenanthroline
Thermal, structural and spectroscopic properties
by precipitation of BaSO 4 with 0.1 M BaCl 2 solution [ 26 ]. Analysis for complexes [calculated/found (%)]: ( 1 ) C 24.07/24.05, H 7.68/7.67, O 40.09/40.11, N 18.72/18.68, S 5.36/5.29, Mg 4.06/4.08; ( 2 ) C 40.65/40.61, H 3.95/3.94, O 31
pure FeS 2 . Based on the stable isotopic measurements, the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of the host rock is δ 18 O: −4.0 (‰, V-PDB) and δ 13 C: +4 (‰, V-PDB) (±0.2‰). Limestone Type B
