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–8 ] or mass spectrometry [ 9 , 10 ], or a combination of HPLC with mass spectrometry [ 5 , 11–13 ] or with electrochemical methods [ 14–16 ]. However, number of articles dealing with the determination of ampicillin is limited. Ampicillin is one of
carbapenems. The penicillin derivatives include, among others, amoxicillin (AMOX), ampicillin (AMP) and cloxacillin (CLOX). They are extensively prescribed for the treatment of potentially life-threatening infections including peritonitis, respiratory tract
Summary
A simple and fast high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of ampicillin and amoxicillin. Titanium(IV) silicate (a synthetic inorganic ion-exchanger)-coated thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plates were used to separate them, employing a mixture of K2HPO4 (0.1 M) + KH2PO4 (0.1 M), 1:1 (υ/υ), as mobile phase. The development time was 18 min. The plates were sprayed with fresh 1% solution of ninhydrin in ethanol. The developed method enables highly contrasted chromatograms with red purple spots in white background. Densitometric measurements were made at wavelength 546 nm using Camag TLC Scanner-3. The ampicillin and amoxicillin recovery of the total procedure were equal to 99.99 and 100.43, respectively. The procedure is quantitatively characterized. Linearities were r 2 > 0.9958 and 0.9954 for ampicillin and amoxicillin, respectively, and the relative standard deviations were <0.89 and 0.61, respectively. The limits of detection were 2.9 and 1.5 ng per spot and the limits of quantification were 14.5 and 7.5 ng per spot, respectively. The method is rapid, selective, precise, and accurate and thus can be used for the routine analysis of pharmaceutical preparations in quality control laboratories of the pharmaceutical industry. The method is successfully applied for the determination of ampicillin and amoxicillin in human blood plasma and urine.
-intestinal including systemic compartments of infected microbiota-depleted IL-10 -/- mice [ 8 , 16 ]. So far, we successfully achieved gut microbiota depletion by orally treating mice with a quintuple antibiotic cocktail (ABx) consisting of ampicillin
). The methodology of sample preparation for MALDI-TOF MS measurements has been described elsewhere [ 14 ]. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed for ampicillin
Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines ( CLSI, 2018 ). The antimicrobial agents (Rosco, Taastrup, Denmark) used in this study included ampicillin (10 µg), cefepime (30 µg), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1.25 µg + 23.75 µg), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20
) (Oxoid, CTO412B, 30 µg), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC; Oxoid, CT0223B, 30 µg), meropenem (MEM) (Oxoid, CT0774B, 10 µg), and ampicillin (AMP; Oxoid, CTOOO3B, 10 µg) antibiotic discs were used. The plates were incubated at 35 ± 2 °C for 18 ± 2 h. The
Honey is the most important bee product. There are many secondary metabolites, carbohydrates, enzymes, and vitamins in honey, thus, honey has antimicrobial activity. In this study, in vitro antimicrobial activity of forty-two honey and eight propolis ethanolic extracts (PEE) were investigated against 16 microorganisms. Total phenolic content ranged between 20.00–124.10 mg GAE/100 g and 103–232 mg GAE/g for honey and raw propolis samples, respectively. Pine and oak honeydew honeys had higher antimicrobial activity than four different grades of Manuka Honeys up to 18 mm minimum inhibition zone diameters. The ethanolic propolis extracts showed much higher antimicrobial activity than the honey samples. Fungi species were inhibited by the propolis samples. Helicobacter pylorii (H. pylorii) was the most sensitive, whereas Streptococcus agalactiae was the most resistant bacteria among the studied microorganisms. Brazilian and Zonguldak propolis had the closest antimicrobial activity to ampicillin, streptomycin, and fluconazole. It can be concluded that both honey and propolis could be used in preservative and complementary medicine.
The antimicrobial susceptibility of 19 Bordetella avium and 36 Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale strains was tested by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of amoxicillin, doxycycline and erythromycin were also determined. Most O. rhinotracheale strains were resistant to nalidixic acid, sulphamethoxazole–trimethoprim and gentamicin, and were susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, spectinomycin and tilmicosin. All B. avium strains were resistant to ceftiofur and lincomycin and susceptible to doxycycline, gentamicin, polymyxin B, spectinomycin and sulphonamides. The MICs ranged widely for all three antibiotics tested against O. rhinotracheale strains, from 0.12 μg/ml to 32 μg/ml for amoxicillin and erythromycin, and from 0.6 μg/ml to 32 μg/ml for doxycycline. For B. avium isolates, the MIC values ranged from ≤ 0.03 μg/ml to 1 μg/ml for amoxicillin, from ≤ 0.03 μg/ml to 0.12 μg/ml for doxycycline and from 8 μg/ml to 16 μg/ml for erythromycin. These findings support the idea that the use of antibiotics in a region or a farm may affect antimicrobial resistance and underline the need for prudent application of antibiotic therapy based on proper antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance mediated by the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is considered a major threat for treatment of Salmonella and Shigella infections. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella and Shigella spp. and presence of CTX-M from three teaching hospitals in Iran. In the present study, 58 clinical Shigella and 91 Salmonella isolates were recovered between 2009 and 2013 from 3 teaching hospitals in Iran. After culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ESBL-positive isolates were subjected to further investigations. These included polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and DNA sequencing of bla CTX-M-15 encoding plasmid. In both genera, high sensitivity to gentamicin and amikacin, but high resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim—sulfamethoxazole, was found. Molecular investigation showed that 31.8% isolates of Salmonella spp. and 34.48% isolates of Shigella spp. were CTX-M positive and all of them were also positive for ISEcpI. Protein translation, comparing with reference sequences, showed that all CTX-M isolates belong to CTX-M-15. The present study suggests that the resistance of ESBLs-producing Salmonella and Shigella spp. in Iran hospitals is very serious. Therefore, strategies to minimize the spread of ESBL-producing isolates should be implemented.
