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Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines ( CLSI, 2018 ). The antimicrobial agents (Rosco, Taastrup, Denmark) used in this study included ampicillin (10 µg), cefepime (30 µg), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1.25 µg + 23.75 µg), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20

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) (Oxoid, CTO412B, 30 µg), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC; Oxoid, CT0223B, 30 µg), meropenem (MEM) (Oxoid, CT0774B, 10 µg), and ampicillin (AMP; Oxoid, CTOOO3B, 10 µg) antibiotic discs were used. The plates were incubated at 35 ± 2 °C for 18 ± 2 h. The

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Honey is the most important bee product. There are many secondary metabolites, carbohydrates, enzymes, and vitamins in honey, thus, honey has antimicrobial activity. In this study, in vitro antimicrobial activity of forty-two honey and eight propolis ethanolic extracts (PEE) were investigated against 16 microorganisms. Total phenolic content ranged between 20.00–124.10 mg GAE/100 g and 103–232 mg GAE/g for honey and raw propolis samples, respectively. Pine and oak honeydew honeys had higher antimicrobial activity than four different grades of Manuka Honeys up to 18 mm minimum inhibition zone diameters. The ethanolic propolis extracts showed much higher antimicrobial activity than the honey samples. Fungi species were inhibited by the propolis samples. Helicobacter pylorii (H. pylorii) was the most sensitive, whereas Streptococcus agalactiae was the most resistant bacteria among the studied microorganisms. Brazilian and Zonguldak propolis had the closest antimicrobial activity to ampicillin, streptomycin, and fluconazole. It can be concluded that both honey and propolis could be used in preservative and complementary medicine.

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), clindamycin (2 µg), vancomycin (30 µg), ampicillin (30 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), cefotixin (30 µg), rifampicin (5 µg), and oxacillin (1 µg) were used. The breakpoints of Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species resistance were used

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strain indicates the safety of this strain as a probable probiotic candidate in food and other application areas. L. vaginalis MA-10 showed susceptibility to chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, erythromycin, and ampicillin and resistance to amikacin

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Treatments S. epidermidis CTE pulp – OTE pulp – CTE peel – OTE peel – CPE pulp – OPE pulp – CPE peel – OPE peel 14.00 ± 0.58 d CRT – ORT – CPT – OPT – CKDP – OKDP – Penicillin 17.14 ± 1.01 c Ampicillin 31.57 ± 0.20 b Sulfamethoxazole 42.00 ± 0.00 a Methanol

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