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) Wassenaar TM, Gaastra W: Bacterial virulence, where to draw the line? FEMS Microbiol Letters 201, 1–7 (2001) Wassenaar TM, Alter T (2012): Virulence genes in microbial risk assessment of probiotic organisms: what do genome sequences tell us
, Al-Marzoqi AH , Zahraa MA , Shalan AA : Molecular and phenotypic study of virulence genes in a pathogenic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from various clinical origins by PCR: profiles of genes and toxins . Res J Pharm, Biol Chem Sci 7
variety of virulence factors that play an important role in a wide range of pathogenic mechanisms, such as adhesion, invasion, intracellular survival, toxin production, and iron acquisition [ 7 ]. However, the presence of virulence genes in multidrug
–Valentine leukocidin, and bi-component pore-forming toxins are prominent virulence factors that have been associated with skin and soft tissue infections due to S. aureus [ 51 – 54 ]. Admittedly, molecular screening for virulence factors was beyond the scope of this
, Schmiel DH, Miller VL: A new pathway for the secretion of virulence factors by bacteria: the flagellar export apparatus functions as a protein-secretion system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 6456–6461 (1999) Miller VL
–Barré syndromes [ 10 , 18 , 19 ]. Multiple efforts to unravel the molecular mechanisms of C. jejuni virulence have identified a number of bacterial factors that have a role in the pathogenesis of this organism, but their exact activities and interplay
factors directly or indirectly through the secretion of several virulence factors to prevent phagosome maturation or escape into the cytosol and thereby prevent their elimination and establish their niche within the macrophage [ 1 ]. Due to harsh
. Nishibuchi , M. & Kaper , J.B. ( 1995 ): Thermostable direct hemolysin gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: a virulence gene acquired by a marine bacterium . Infect. Immun. , 63 , 2093 – 2099
Wieler , L. H. ( 2006 ): Virulence genotype of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from different hosts with various disease status . Vet. Microbiol . 114 , 304 – 317 . Fegan , N
virulence genes, adhesion and invasion of Arcobacter butzleri . J Appl Microbiol 115 ( 2 ), 583 – 590 ( 2013 ) 11. Levican A , Alkeskas A
