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. , Haesebrouck , F. and De Vliegher , S. ( 2014 ): Effect, persistence, and virulence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species associated with ruminant udder health . J. Dairy Sci. 97 , 5275 – 5293 . doi: 10.3168/jds.2013
and airway cytokines while increasing the virulence of colonizing bacteria. J Mol Med. 2016; 94: 667–679. 24 Pikaljuk VS, Salanin VV, Zsuravel EA, et al. Structural changes in
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a key role in the evolution of bacterial pathogens. The exchange of genetic material supplies prokaryotes with several fitness traits enhancing their adaptive response to environmental changes. Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) represent an important and in most cases already immobilized subset of the different vehicles for HGT. Encoding several virulence factors PAIs represent a major contribution to bacterial pathogenicity. Nonetheless, the transfer mechanisms of PAIs still remain elusive. We summarise the currently available data regarding the major ways of genetic mobilisation with a focus on the transfer of the Yersinia High-Pathogenicity Island (HPI).
. ( 2015 ): Antimicrobial resistance and virulence traits in Enterococcus strains isolated from dogs and cats . New Microbiol. 38 , 369 – 378 . Jung , W. K. , Shin , S. , Park , Y. K. , Lim , S-K. , Moon , D-C. , Park , K. T. and Park
[ 11–14 ]. In contrast to adult patients, the patients below 20 years of age usually experienced relatively mild symptoms and had a shorter duration of infection [ 11, 12, 15, 16 ]. Both children and adults were exposed to the same virulence of SARS
of sepsis . Virulence 5 , 154 – 160 . Bonelli , F. , Meucci , V. , Divers , T. J. , Boccardo , A. , Pravettoni , D. , Meylan , M. , Belloli , A. G. and Sgorbini , M
responded to ampicillin-sulbactam and amikacin antibiotic therapy. A successful clinical outcome was achieved for the patient. However, more studies are needed to understand this organism's virulence, transmission, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern
can be transferred between bacteria, along with other antibacterial resistance genes and virulence genes ( Leinweber et al., 2018; Pinholt et al., 2019 ). van A plasmids have been characterised in VREfm from wild birds ( Oravcová et al., 2018 ) and
of VEGFR-2+ and blood vessel density in hippocampus . Neuroscience 152 , 346 – 359 . 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.11.049 Dortmans , J. C. , Koch , G. , Rottier , P. J. and Peeters , B. P. ( 2011 ): Virulence of Newcastle disease virus
The association between putative virulence genes in Campylobacter jejuni clinical isolates, in vitro invasive capability and severity of infection is yet to be clearly described. We have characterized three virulence genes and correlated their presence with the severity of infection and in vitro invasiveness. We studied eight C. jejuni strains isolated from patients whose clinical data were scored to determine severity of infection. Cytolethal distending toxin (cdtB) , invasion associated marker (iam) and Campylobacter invasion antigen (ciaB) genes were detected by PCR and INT407 cells used for invasion assays. Two strains positive for all three genes were the most invasive and isolated from patients with the most severe infection. Four strains positive for two genes and two strains negative for all the three genes were identified. The two cdtB + ve / ciaB + ve strains were more invasive than the cdtB + ve / iam + ve strains. One of the cdtB − ve / ciaB − ve strains showed invasion levels similar to cdtB + ve / ciaB + ve strains, but the second strain had a non-invasive phenotype. The findings indicate a correlation between in vitro invasive capability, and the presence of all three genes. The pattern of association between invasiveness and molecular characterization suggests that the ciaB gene confers a more invasive capability.
