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., Stevens, M. P.: Colibacillosis in poultry: unravelling the molecular basis of virulence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in their natural hosts. Avian Pathol 37 , 355–366 (2008). Stevens M. P
and inadequate antibiotic development encouraged the re-use of old antibiotics [ 11–14 ]. Efflux pumps can be effective in cell signaling, metabolism, homeostasis and different roles such as bacterial virulence. There are five main efflux pumps in
. Magyar , T. ( 1990 ): Virulence and lienotoxicity of Bordetella bronchiseptica in mice . Vet. Microbiol. 25 , 199 – 207 . Magyar , T. and Glavits , R. ( 1990
Hacker, J., Blum-Oehler, G., Janke, B., Nagy, G., Goebel, W.: Pathogenicity islands of extraintestinal Escherichia coli . In: Kaper, J., Hacker, J. (eds): Pathogenicity islands and other mobile virulence
Mekalanos, J. J. 1996: Alterations in Vibrio cholerae motility phenotypes correlate with changes in virulence factor expression. Infect. Immun. 64 , 2246-2255. Alterations in Vibrio cholerae motility phenotypes correlate with
, J. and Han , B. ( 2014 ): Phylogenetic group, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli associated with bovine mastitis. Res. Microbiol. 165 , 273 – 277
Wieler , L. H. ( 2006 ): Virulence genotype of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from different hosts with various disease status . Vet. Microbiol . 114 , 304 – 317 . Fegan , N
the measurement of nosema disease in honey bee colonies wintered in Alberta, Canada . Am. Bee J. 122 , 369 – 371 . Forsgren , E. and Fries , I. ( 2010 ): Comparative virulence
]. The clonal lineages have a number of different phenotypes, such as growth, migration, and transmigration [ 7 ]; however, the best characterized of these is their virulence in laboratory mice [ 8, 9 ]. Type I strains exhibit the acute lethal virulence
, tet M), chloramphenicol [ cat (pC221), cat (pC194), cat (pC223)], and aminoglycosides [ aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa ] as well as genes encoding virulence factors: enterotoxins ( se A, se B, se C, se D, se E), shock syndrome toxin ( tst
