Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DSM no. 70449) was obtained from Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany) and cultivated in a yeast extract–peptone–glucose (YEPG) medium. The medium consisted of 10 g yeast extract, 20 g
; Kuss, & Griffiths, 2012 ). Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) has been defined as a behavioral addiction and was included in Section III of the DSM-5 as a tentative disorder requiring further research ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013 ). During
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013 ) did not categorize PB as a mental disorder ( Piquet-Pessôa, Ferreira, Melca, & Fontenelle, 2014 ; Potenza, 2014 ). However, PB is often clinically classified as a
addiction is an example of overpathologizing everyday behavior and it will never be classed as a mental disorder in the DSM Work is one of the very few everyday behaviors that has been pathologized. If there are agreed criteria for work
2008 Issues for DSM-V: Internet addiction The American Journal of Psychiatry 165 306 307 . M Brand
to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013 ). Example adapted items are as follows: “I am preoccupied with my smartphone,” “I use my smartphone to escape or
; Festl, Scharkow, & Quandt, 2013 ; Griffiths, King, & Demetrovics, 2014 ), Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been included in section III of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric
. C.M. Grilo M. A. White R. M. Masheb 2009 DSM-IV psychiatric disorder comorbidity and its
scale that assesses DSM-IV criterion ADHD symptoms in adults ( Kessler et al., 2005 ). Specifically, six questions were asked about inattention (four items) and hyperactivity (two items) in the previous 6 months. A 5-point response scale with answer
impulse control disorder, gambling disorder is now classified together with substance use disorders in DSM-5 due to shared features including tolerance, preoccupation, and withdrawal ( Potenza, 2014 ). Prevalence estimates of lifetime gambling disorder
