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, G. , Spicic , S. , Benic , M. , Mihaljevic , Z. and Cvetnic , Z. ( 2011 ): The antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis strains isolated in Croatia . Veterinarni Medicina 56 , 22 – 27
stress protein Hsp60 early in infection of human monocytes and L929 cells correlate with virulence . Infect Immun 64 , 1968 – 1976 ( 1996 ). 3. Garduno , R.A. , Chong , A
Amphotericin B and fluconazole. Its hypha-producing ability and enzyme production (phospholipase, protease, and haemolysin) only increase its virulence [ 6 ]. The number of C. krusei, C. glabrata , and C. tropicalis infections also increases
) for the presence of the SA-specific staphylococcus protein A gene ( spa ), the two variants of the methicillin-resistance coding genes, mecA and mecC (formerly mecA LGA251 ), as well as pvl as a marker of the human-related virulence gene Panton
, and infection . Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 23 , 35 – 73 . 10.1128/CMR.00039-09 John , N. and Hatha , A. A. M . ( 2013 ): Distribution, extracellular virulence factors and drug resistance of motile aeromonads in fresh water ornamental fishes and
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a key role in the evolution of bacterial pathogens. The exchange of genetic material supplies prokaryotes with several fitness traits enhancing their adaptive response to environmental changes. Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) represent an important and in most cases already immobilized subset of the different vehicles for HGT. Encoding several virulence factors PAIs represent a major contribution to bacterial pathogenicity. Nonetheless, the transfer mechanisms of PAIs still remain elusive. We summarise the currently available data regarding the major ways of genetic mobilisation with a focus on the transfer of the Yersinia High-Pathogenicity Island (HPI).
hemolysins and other virulence factors. In: Savini V. (ed.) The diverse faces of Bacillus cereus . Academic Press, Elsevier, London, 2016; pp. 35–44. 10
of infection and atrophic changes in the stomach later in life [ 14 ]. Moreover, H. pylori virulence factors were related to the acquisition of iron by bacteria. CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) protein and VacA (vacuolating cytotoxin A) are
. Molins , C. R. , Delorey , M. J. , Yockey , B. M. , Young , J. W. , Sheldon , S. W. , Reese , S. M. , Schriefer , M. E. and Petersen , J. M. ( 2010 ): Virulence differences among Francisella tularensis subsp . tularensis clades in
. , Kononen , E. , Virolainen-Julkunen , A. R. , Vaara , M. and Tissari , P. ( 2009 ): Detection of virulence genes of Clostridium difficile by multiplex PCR . APMIS 117 , 607 – 613
