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Introduction Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a significant cause of acute illness and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children and elderly people worldwide [ 1 ]. Viruses have already been recognized as the most common cause of
Hungarian Demographic Yearbook, 2012. [Magyar Statisztikai Évkönyv, 2012.] Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, Budapest, 2012. [Hungarian] Gavazzi, G., Krause, K. H.: Ageing and infection
Eggert, K., Wieser, H., Pawelzik, E. 2010. The influence of Fusarium infection and growing location on the quantitative protein composition of emmer (Triticum dicoccum) . Eur. Food Res. and Technol. 230 :837
individuals are at a high risk of Lm infection with systemic dissemination [ 5, 6 ]. Upon ingestion of Lm in individuals from these risk groups, Lm penetrates through the intestinal epithelial barrier. Subsequent to the internalization into epithelial
): Medical dilemmas associated with rehabilitating confiscated Houbara Bustard ( Chlamydotis undulatamacqueenii ) after avian pox and paramyxoviruses type 1 infection. J. Wildl. Dis. 38 , 518–532. Launay F
40 Gray, J. J.: Avidity of EBV-VCA specific IgG antibodies: Distinction between recent primary infection, past infection and reactivation. J. Virol. Methods 52 , 95–104 (1995
., Torrents, R., Leitmeyer, K., Hilairet, P., Zeller, H., Van Bortel, W., Dejour-Salamanca, D., Grandadam, M., Gastellu-Etchegorry, M.: First two autochthonous dengue virus infections in metropolitan France, September 2010. Euro Surveill. 15 , 19676 (2010
C.M. Vandenbroucke-Grauls 2004 New developments in the diagnosis of bloodstream infections Lancet Infect Dis 4 751 760
Pittet, D., Tarara, D., Wenzel, R. P.: Nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill patient. Excess length stay, extra cost, and attributable mortality. JAMA 271 , 1598–1601 (1994
Myiasis is caused by the larval stages of flies feeding on live or dead mammalian tissues and fluids. Human cases involving the genitourinary system are very rare and present with unusual symptoms.We report the case of a male, 25-year-old shepherd who underwent a surgical intervention on his urinary tract for renal lithiasis and was catheterized with a drain dwelling in his left kidney. A few days after the patient showed signs of dysuria, polyuria and pollakisuria. Lower urinary tract infection with ciprofloxacin susceptible E. coli was diagnosed and treated accordingly. The symptoms persisted and, a few days later, fly maggots were released repeatedly in the urine of the patient and sent for investigation. Macroscopic analysis and microscopy were performed. We detected 3–4 mm long, dorso-ventrally flattened white live fly larvae with lateral projections, typical for Fannia (Diptera: Fannidae) genus. Identification on a species level could not be performed as larva feeding facilities or specific DNA based methods were not available for us.Even if maggot urinary tract infestations are extremely rare in Europe, we should consider them in order to provide a rapid and correct diagnosis followed by an adequate treatment.
