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. , Wolffe , E. J. and Moss , B. ( 2000 ): The vaccinia virus A14.5L gene encodes a hydrophobic 53-amino-acid virion membrane protein that enhances virulence in mice and is conserved among vertebrate poxviruses . J. Virol. 74 , 4085 – 4092
. , Song , Y. and Cao , Y. ( 2015 ): Identification and pathogenicity of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus field strain with reduced virulence . Virol. J. 12 , 88 – 92 .
, Bramanti TE. Factors in virulence expression and their role in periodontal disease pathogenesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1991; 2: 177–281. 36 Nakou M, Kamma JJ, Andronikaki A, et
Med. 2007; 35: 1284–1289. 11 Bassetti M, Righi E, Carnelutti A. Bloodstream infections in the Intensive Care Unit. Virulence 2016; 7: 267–279. 12 Averbuch D
(enteroinvasive E. coli ) share similar genetic (analogous virulence plasmid) and biochemical features [ 7 ]. Unlike E. coli , Shigella isolates are less active biochemically and react with limited set of antisera and shared with EIEC pathogenicity genes [ 8
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a key role in the evolution of bacterial pathogens. The exchange of genetic material supplies prokaryotes with several fitness traits enhancing their adaptive response to environmental changes. Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) represent an important and in most cases already immobilized subset of the different vehicles for HGT. Encoding several virulence factors PAIs represent a major contribution to bacterial pathogenicity. Nonetheless, the transfer mechanisms of PAIs still remain elusive. We summarise the currently available data regarding the major ways of genetic mobilisation with a focus on the transfer of the Yersinia High-Pathogenicity Island (HPI).
. , Haesebrouck , F. and De Vliegher , S. ( 2014 ): Effect, persistence, and virulence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species associated with ruminant udder health . J. Dairy Sci. 97 , 5275 – 5293 . doi: 10.3168/jds.2013
. Chiers , K. , de Waele , T. , Pasmans , F. , Ducatelle , R. and Haesebrouck , F. ( 2010 ): Virulence factors of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae involved in colonisation, persistence and induction of lesions in its porcine host . Vet. Res
and airway cytokines while increasing the virulence of colonizing bacteria. J Mol Med. 2016; 94: 667–679. 24 Pikaljuk VS, Salanin VV, Zsuravel EA, et al. Structural changes in
