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- Author or Editor: Adrienn Tóth x
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Oktatási rendszer egy demokratikus diktatúrában
Educational System in a Democratic Dictatorship
Abstract
The possible roles of perceptual characteristics (colour, shape, size) of tablets and personality characteristics in generating expectations of drug side effects were investigated. Two hundred and thirteen hospitalized patients (mean age 48.9 ± 18.84 years) completed questionnaires (trait anxiety — STAI-T, dispositional optimism — LOT-R, subjective somatic symptoms — PHQ-15, somatosensory amplification — SSAS, previous personal and family-level experiences) and the expected probabilities of nine side effects for six differently looking tablets were estimated. PHQ-15, SSAS and family-level experience scores were significant predictors of the expectations of side effects. Red tablets evoked significantly more stimulating type expectations than did white pills. Expected gastrointestinal side effects were associated with oblong-shaped tablets. Regarding headache, medium-sized round tablet was expected to evoke fewer side effects than the small round and the oblong tablets. Although expectations do not always manifest themselves as actual symptoms, they can reduce the overall effectiveness of a therapy by influencing patient's adherence.
Silver is used extensively in both hospitals and outpatient clinics as a disinfectant coating agent on various devices. Resistance to silver was recently reported as an emerging problem in Enterobacteriaceae. Multidrug-resistant high-risk clones of Klebsiella pneumoniae are common causes of serious healthcare-associated infections worldwide posing a serious threat to patients. In this study, we investigated the capacity of both high-risk (CG14/15 and CG258) and minor clone strains of K. pneumoniae to develop resistance to silver. Resistance was induced in vitro in silver-susceptible but otherwise multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. Genetic alterations in the silver-resistant derivative strains with regard to the silver-susceptible isolates were investigated by whole-genome sequencing. The transferability of high-level resistance to silver was also tested. We demonstrated that the high-level resistance to silver can quickly evolve as a consequence of a single-point mutation either in the cusS gene of the chromosomally encoded CusCFBARS efflux system and/or in the silS gene of the plasmid-encoded Copper Homeostasis and Silver Resistance Island (CHASRI) coding also for a metallic efflux. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the strains increased from 4 mg/L (23.5 μM) AgNO3 to >8,500 mg/L (>50,000 μM) AgNO3 during induction. Harboring the CHASRI proved an important selective asset for K. pneumoniae when exposed to silver. Successful conjugation experiments using Escherichia coli K12 J5-3Rif as recipient showed that high-level silver resistance can transmit between strains of high-risk clones of K. pneumoniae (ST15 and ST11) and isolates from additional species of Enterobacteriaceae. The lack of fitness cost associated with the carriage of the CHASRI in a silver-free environment and the presence of the RelEB toxin–antitoxin system on the conjugative plasmids could advance the dissemination of silver resistance. Our results show that multidrug-resistant high-risk clones of K. pneumoniae are capable of evolving and transmitting high-level resistance to silver. This observation should warrant a more judicious use of silver coated-devices to prevent the extensive dissemination of silver resistance.
Absztrakt
Bevezetés: A gyomortumoros betegek 40%-ánál történik szükségtelenül kiterjesztett nyirokcsomó-dissectio, ami magasabb morbiditással és mortalitással jár. A Maruyama-komputerprogram (MCP) képes megbecsülni a nyirokcsomó-érintettséget még a műtét előtt, illetve a Maruyama-index (MI) jó prognosztikai tényező lehet a teljes és a betegségmentes túlélés megítélésében. Betegek és módszerek: Az MCP eredményességének számításához különböző „cut-off” szinteket határoztunk meg a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analízis használatával. A hosszú távú onkológiai eredményeket – mint a teljes túlélést (OS) és a betegségmentes túlélést (DFS) – számítottuk a „hagyományos” nyirokcsomódissectio-kiterjesztés (D1 vs. D2) és a Maruyama-index szerinti operáció (MI < 5 vs. MI ≥ 5) alapján. Eredmények: 74 beteget vizsgáltunk az MCP segítségével műtét előtt a rövid távú eredmények felmérésére, és 101 beteg adatai voltak alkalmasak a hosszú távú onkológiai kimenetel értékelésére. Az MCP szenzitivitása 90,2%, specificitása 63,3% és a megbízhatósága 78,4% volt. A pozitív prediktív érték 75,5%-nak, a negatív prediktív érték pedig 84%-nak adódott. A D1 dissectiós csoportban a betegségmentes túlélés 93,6 hónap, a D2 csoportban 68,7 hónap (p = 0,41, HR = 1,34) volt. A teljes túlélés pedig 74,6 hónapnak, illetve 72,2 hónapnak (p = 0,66, HR = 0,87) adódott. Azoknál a betegeknél, akiknél MI < 5, a betegségmentes túlélés 92 hónap lett, míg azoknál a betegeknél, akiknél az MI ≥ 5, ez 62,5 hónap volt (p = 0,31, HR = 1,4). Teljes túlélés tekintetében az eredmény 86 hónap és 60,4 hónap (p = 0,17, HR = 1,52) lett. Következtetések: Eredményeink bebizonyították, hogy a nyirokcsomóáttétek számítógépes becslése hatékony eljárás, és amennyiben az MI < 5, az jelentősebb prediktív értéke a túlélésnek, mint a D1 versus D2 szinteken alapuló lymphadenectomia.
Abstract
Minimal processing technologies, like High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP), heat treatments at low temperatures have an increasing role in food industry. Eggs are considered as functional foods, but for high retention of biological active compounds adequate minimal processing technologies are needed during preservation procedure. In our study, liquid egg yolk (LEY) was examined to meet consumer's expectations.
Combinations of pasteurization (57–63 °C, 5–7 min) and HHP (350–400 MPa, 5 min) were used to provide microbiological stability of LEY. After these treatments samples were examined for mesophyll aerobes and Enterobacteriaceae cell counts (using Nutrient agar an incubation of 30 °C, 48 h) and viscosity attributes (Anton Paar MCR 92).
Our results show that microbiological stability is significantly influenced by the different parameters of heat treatments and HHP. Heat treatment effected at least 3 orders of magnitude decrease in cell count. Viscosity attributes point out that higher pressure of HHP have a stronger effect on viscosity than the temperature of pasteurization.
The results point out a great opportunity for industrial use of minimal processing technologies for LEY. Microbiological safety is strongly influenced by the order of treatments, but viscosity may be independent from the order of the treatments.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to research the adaptability of insects in food products. The created hamburger patties were made with pork meat and insect batter (Zophobas morio) in a 50:50 ratio and the color, pH value, water-holding capacity, roasting loss, texture, microbiological traits were studied during ten days of refrigerated storage (5 °C, vaccum packaging, air cooling). Similar products have already existed in European markets, but these are made of 100% of insect meat or with additional vegetables as an ingredient. The mixture of insect and pork could offer a more accepted texture by consumers than the other alternatives. This study showed burger patties with pork meat and insect meat offering a softer texture and darker color, while it could increase the shelf-life of raw product.
Abstract
Blood coagulation is a process, which is initiated by certain physico-chemical effects. This process results in a change in the blood from the sol state, that is well suited for further processing, to gel state. 13 blood clotting factors take part in the cascade system of blood coagulation. Trisodium-citrate affects factor IV, the calcium, and prevents the change in blood texture. The effect of different concentrations of trisodium-citrate (0, 0.48, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, 14.4, 19.2, 24 w/w%) on the texture of blood is investigated. Porcine blood was collected in 20 cm3 test tubes in a slaughterhouse directly before trisodium-citrate addition and was stored for one day under refrigerated conditions. The samples without trisodium-citrate coagulated and the samples with high trisodium-citrate (4–5 g) became solid as well because of the protein salting-out. The viscosity of successfully treated samples and the shear stress were measured with a rotational viscometer (Physica MCR 51, Anton-Paar) with concentric cylinders and Couette type method. The flow behavior of all samples could be described by the Herschel-Bulkley model. The yield point, the consistency index and the power of law index, which are determined by the equation of the model, showed that the samples with lower trisodium-citrate content coagulated “better” and the sample with high trisodium-citrate were most similar to Newtonian fluid. The results are trend-likes, but significant differences may be expected in the case of higher sample amount. The yield point of the sample, which contained 14.4 w/w% trisodium-citrate, was by 37.3% less than the sample containing 0.48% trisodium-citrate, and the consistency index of the sample with 3 g trisodium-citrate was by 20.5% higher than that of the sample with 0.48% trisodium-citrate. Thanks to these results a cheaper concentration and drying of porcine blood and blood fractions are available because no surplus water is added to the blood.
We collected nasal samples from 1,390 healthy 3–7 years old children in Szolnok city, Hungary, in 2012. We detected 476 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from 474 children. In two occasions, two different S. aureus were isolated, based on hemolysis type and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern. S. aureus carriage rate was calculated to be 34.1% similar to others studies. Male gender was found to be a risk factor for carriage by statistical analysis. Altogether, four methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were detected by mecA polymerase chain reaction, which means 0.8% community-acquired MRSA prevalence among the S. aureus isolates. All MRSA strains harbored the SCCmec type IV cassette (typical for CA-MRSA) and belonged to ST45 by multilocus sequence typing. During antibiotic susceptibility testing, we measured the following resistance rates: 0.0% for mupirocin, 0.2% for ciprofloxacin, 0.6% for gentamicin and oxacillin, 3.4% for tetracycline, 9.5% for clindamycin, 10.3% for erythromycin, and 91.4% for penicillin, which are generally lower compared with Hungarian clinical isolates.
