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Toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd) are detrimental for growth of the crops. The differential sensitivity of maize and rice, the two vital cereals, which also belong to C4 and C3 plant types, respectively, to a similar degree of Cd stress is not known that comprised the objective of this study. Maize and rice genotypes were grown hydroponically in the presence of 5 and 10 μM cadmium (Cd) concentrations to examine their relative sensitivity to this metal at growth and metabolic levels. The shoots of maize genotypes accumulated relatively greater cadmium than those of rice while the roots of both the plant types did not differ significantly in cadmium accumulation. The shoots and roots of maize genotypes showed higher growth than rice genotypes under both Cd levels. At similar Cd level, the rice shoots showed greater damage to membranes and chlorophyll than maize shoots. The activities of RUBP carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase were significantly greater in maize than in rice under Cd stress. Maize genotypes also possessed greater sucrose content and sucrose phosphate synthase activity in their shoots than rice genotypes. The oxidative damage as malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide was higher in rice genotypes. The rice genotypes showed greater induction of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and ascorbic acid than maize genotypes. On the other hand, glutathione, proline, metallothioneins, total thiols content and glutathione-s-transferase activity were significantly higher in maize genotypes under Cd stress suggesting their superior capacity to deal with Cd toxicity. The observations indicated that the maize genotypes representing C4 plant type appear to have greater Cd tolerance than the rice genotypes representing C3 plant type. The findings speculate that C4 plant species may adapt to toxic metals such as Cd in a better way than C3 ones but further study involving several representatives of these plant types need to be carried out to corroborate it.
A new molybdenum(VI) complex Cs2(NH4)2[Mo3O8(C2O4)3] (CAMO) has been prepared and characterized by chemical analysis and IR spectral studies. Thermal decomposition studies have been made using TG, DTA and DTG techniques. The compound is anhydrous and stable up to 160°C. Thereafter it decomposes in three stages. The first and the second stages occur in the temperature ranges 160–220°C and 220–280°C to give the intermediate compounds having the tentative compositions Cs4(NH4)2[Mo6O16(C2O4)3(CO3)2] and Cs4[Mo6O16(C2O4)2(CO3)2] respectively, the later then decomposing to give the end product Cs2Mo3O10 at 370°C. The end product was characterized by chemical analysis, IR spectral and X-ray studies.
Abstract
Radiation induced grafting of acrylonitrile (ACN) on ethylene-propene diene terpolymer (EPDM) rubber film was investigated by mutual radiation grafting technique. Effect of experimental variables viz. radiation dose, dose rate, type of solvent and monomer content on extent of grafting was studied. From the kinetic studies a mathematical relation R g α[M]0.7 D 0.68 showing non-linear relationship for rate of grafting with monomer concentration and dose was deduced. The grafted samples showed increased hardness and oil resistance.
