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- Author or Editor: Y. Matsui x
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Abstract
Multiple radionuclide mixtures which have similar scintillation pulse height distributions can be accurately radioassayed by the most probable value theory. This liquid scintillation technique is based on the construction of more observation equations than the number of nuclides to be analyzed. The technique has been applied to3H–14C–125I and3H–14C–51Cr mixture samples, and found to be very practicable with the aid of computerized data processing for mixture samples having a wide range (ca. 10 times) of activity ratios.
Abstract
Heat capacities of U1–yLayO2 were measured by means of direct heating pulse calorimetry in the temperature range from 300 to 1500 K. An anomalous increase in the heat capacity curve of each sample was observed similarly to the case of U1–yGdyO2, found recently in our laboratory. As the lanthanum content of U1–yLayO2 increased, the onset temperature of an anomalous increase in the heat capacity decreased and the excess heat capacity increased. The enthalpy of activation (
Hf) and the entropy of activation (Sf) of the thermally excited process, which cause the excess heat capacity were obtained to be 2.14, 1.63 and 1.50 eV and 39.4, 34.2 and 31.8 J·K–1·mol–1 for U0.956La0.044O2, U0.910La0.090O2 and U0.858La0.142O2, respectively. The values at zero La content extrapolated by using the data of Hf and Sf for U1–yLayO2 were in good agreement with the experimental values of undoped UO2 so far reported, similarly to the case of Gddoped UO2. The electrical conductivities of U1–yLayO2 (y=0.044 and 0.142) were also measured as a function temperature. No anomaly was seen in the electrical conductivity curve. It may be concluded that the excess heat capacity originates from the predominant contribution of the formation of oxygen clusters and from the small contribution of the formation of electron-hole pairs.
Abstract
The most probable value theory has been applied to analytical radioassay for mixture samples of six pure-beta emitters by using a liquid scintillation spectrometer. Activities of each nuclide in the mixture sample can be determined by solving normal equations which are derived from twelve observation equations, the number of which is twice that of nuclides to be radioassayed. Requirement for the technique is to construct quenching correction curves of the respective nuclides. This technique has been tested to3H–63Ni–14C–45Ca–36Cl–32P mixture samples, and found to be very useful with the aid of computerized data processing.
Abstract
Heat capacities, electrical conductivities and phase transition temperature of hafnium hydrides, HfHx (0.99≤x≤1.83), were studied using a direct heating pulse calorimeter and a differential scanning calorimeter from room temperature to above 500 K. The heat capacity of HfH1.83 was larger than that of pure hafnium and showed no anomaly of heat capacity. In contrast, there were λ-type peaks for the heat capacity and DSC curves for HfHx (1.1≤x≤1.6) near 385 and 356 K. The anomalies of heat capacity and electrical conductivity of HfHx (1.1≤x≤1.6) were considered the result of phase transition and order-disorder phase transition for hydrogen in the hafnium hydride lattice for HfHx (1.1≤x≤1.3).
Abstract
Complex heat capacity, C p *=C p '–iC p '', of lithium borate glasses xLi2O(1–x)B2O3 (molar fraction x=0.00–0.30) has been investigated by Modulated DSC. We have analyzed the shape of C p * by the Cole-Cole plot, performed fitting by the Havriliak-Negami equation, and then determined the parameters related to the non-Debye nature of thermal relaxation. Moreover, the concentration dependence of the thermal properties has been investigated. Glass transition temperatures become higher with the increase of molar fraction of Li2O and shows the board peak around x=0.26. Temperature ranges of glass transitions become narrower with the increase of Li2O concentration.
Abstract
Positron annihilation lifetime measurement was applied to study the sol-gel transition of anionic polysaccharide aqueous solutions in terms of free-volume parameters the size, intensity, and size distribution of free volumes of the gelation of K-formk-carrageenan solutions as a function of temperature. Slight variations of free volume size and intensity against temperature were observed near 295 K. The correlation of free-volume data with other physical properties vibrational spectra (IR and Raman), conductivity, SAXS, elastic measurement, differential scanning calorimetry were investigated to understand the mechanism of sol-gel transition of carrageenan.
Abstract
The heat capacities of binary aqueous solutions of 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol and 1,2-butanediol were measured at temperatures ranging from 283.15 to 338.15 K by differential scanning calorimetry. The partial molar heat capacities at the infinite dilution were then calculated for the respective alkanediols. For 1,2-ethanediol or 1,2-propanediol, the partial molar heat capacities at the infinite dilution of increased with increasing temperature. In contrast, the partial molar heat capacities of 1,2-butanediol at the infinite dilution decreased with increasing temperature. Heat capacity changes by dissolution of the alkanediols were also determined. Heat capacity changes caused by the dissolution of 1,2-ethanediol or 1,2-propanediol were increase with increasing temperature. On the other hand, heat capacity changes caused by the dissolution of 1,2-butanediol are decrease with increasing temperature. Thus our results indicated that the structural changes of water caused by the dissolution of 1,2-butanediol differed from that of the two other alkanediols.
Summary The phase diagram of the mixed crystal (K1-xRbx)2SeO4 was determined by means of thermal analysis and neutron scattering experiments. The hexagonal to orthorhombic phase transition line exists for any x. The normal-incommensurate phase transition temperature decreases continuously with increasing Rb content. However, the incommensurate-commensurate phase transition was not observed except for K2SeO4. According to the clear softening of the Σ2- Σ 3 phonon branches and the finite frequency at 0 K for x>0.34, an existence of the hypothetical phase transition was confirmed.
The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis , can locomote on its back utilizing the surface tension of the water. We have called this form of movement ‘back-swimming’. In order to perform this behavior, the snail must flip itself over on its back so that its foot is visible from above. Little is known about the mechanism of this back-swimming. As a first step for the elucidation of this mechanism, we measured the speed of back-swimming of Lymnaea at the different times of the day. They back-swam significantly faster in the morning than just before dark. These data are consistent with our earlier findings on circadian-timed activity pattern in Lymnaea. Lymnaea appear to secrete a thin membrane-like substance from their foot that may allow them to back-swim. To confirm the existence of this substance and to examine whether this substance is hydrophobic or hydrophilic, we applied a detergent onto the foot during back-swimming. A single drop of 1% Tween 20 drifted Lymnaea away that were still kept at the water surface. These results suggest that Lymnaea secrete a hydrophobic substance from their foot that floats to the water surface allowing Lymnaea to back-swim.
