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- Author or Editor: Á. Lakatos x
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Abstract
Proper understanding of sorption behaviour of the materials is important from the point of view of fundamental research and technology as well for applied building technology. In this paper a simple method is presented for measuring water sorption capability of solid bodies. Moisture sorption and desorption measurements were carried out on soil samples by using climatic chamber. After drying the samples in a Venticell 111 type drying equipment they were treated with a Climacell 111 type climate chamber, where the relative humidity (RH) was varied from 40 to 83% at 22°C for different times (40, 80, 120 and 240 minutes). The samples reached the equilibrium moisture content after 120 minutes for sorption. The desorption isotherm measurements were carried out at 22°C for 80 minutes of exposure at constant RH. At this point hysteresis phenomenon was observed. Besides the moisture content figures the time evolution of the damping process is also presented in this paper.
Recently, it has become extremely important to reduce the heating energy demand and the CO2 emission of buildings. This reduction can easily be achieved by insulating the shell of buildings. By thermal insulation not only the heating energy demand can be reduced but also higher thermal efficiency can be reached. Therefore, measurements, calculations and simulations are carried out on the energy efficiency of buildings. Furthermore, the combination of methods is of great importance. Combination of experiments with building simulations solution can make design practices and sizing processes easier in the investigation of building performance. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the energy balance of a building can be changed in function of the wet building envelope in the Central European Region. A real and available building (old family house) was tested and it was placed (hypothetically) in three different countries (Austria, Hungary and Slovakia). In this study two types of load-bearing structures (brick and concrete) covered with four different types of insulations (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, graphite-doped expanded polystyrene, and extruded polystyrene) were tested. The change in the heating energy of the building in three different countries by the function of measured water contents of the thermal insulators was simulated by CASAnova simulation software.
Abstract
These days, the investigations of the physical properties of the insulating materials are very important. In this paper we report the measured water uptaking capabilities of a thermal insulating paint. They can be found in liquid phase, but we measured dried solid samples. The thin thermal insulators (insulator coatings) are starting to spread on the market of the building materials. The proper understanding of sorption behavior of the materials is important from the applied building technology point of view. Moisture sorption and desorption measurements were carried out on two samples with different geometry by using climatic chamber method. After drying the samples at 90 °C for one hour in the Venticell 111 type drying equipment they were wetted with a Climacell 111 type climate chamber, where the relative humidity (RH) was varied from 25% to 90% at 293 K for 2 hours. The samples were wetted for 2 and 4 hours as well. Sorption and desorption as well as kinetic curves are presented in this paper.
The European corn borer moth, (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Pyraustinae) is one of the most destructive pests of maize worldwide. ECB has two pheromone-strains, separated by specific ratios of isomers of E- and Z11-tetradecenyl acetates (E11- and Z11-14Ac), but appearing morphologically identical. Accordingly, E- and Z-ECB pheromone traps are available for the respective populations for practical monitoring of the flight, however, traps for Z-strain are unreliable for practical usage in some parts of Central-Europe. E- and Z-ECB populations occur in sympatry in some areas, while in allelopatry in other areas. Determining the strains before the flight of adults, when difference in the composition of their respective pheromones is manifested, would be of practical interest for early warning. In addition to the known fatty-acyl-reductase (FAR) marker, further markers would allow more comprehensive studies. We screened the following common markers for mitochondrial and nuclear DNA regions: partial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), cytochrome B (CytB), the second spacer of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2), Elongation factor 1a (EF1a) and actin gene (Act). In addition, a marker of the Δ11-desaturase gene (11desat), linked to biosynthesis of female-produced sex pheromone, was also included, because we reported earlier a differential expression for this site. Three Z-ECB populations locating at distant sites within Hungary, an area where only Z-strain occurs, and an E-ECB population in Slovenia, known as the closest-occurring E-strain, were included into the study. Separate laboratory colonies were established from each population, and F1 generations were sampled to verify the identity of pheromone strains, by analysing the composition of sex pheromone by gas chromatography linked to an electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD). Molecular studies were conducted using specimens taken from the F2 generations. Results of genetic studies showed that there were no differences between the Z and E populations for the common markers. In contrast to this, several nucleic acid changes (11 nt in 4 positions) were found between the three Z-populations (Hungary) and the E-population (Slovenia) in the desaturase marker. Further study is required to reveal whether the differences found in this study are consistent across E-populations, thus making these markers suitable for diagnostic purposes.
We aimed to understand the effects of water stress on the alkaloid production in various developmental stages of poppy plants and the effect of stress on the alkaloids content in the capsules. Three stages of the life cycle of Papaver somniferum L. were selected in our studies: Rosette, Flowering and Lancing developmental stages. Four types of water conditions were examined: Control, Withdrawal of Water, 50% Water Supply and Inundation.The morphological monitoring, results of Relative Water Content and proline content were used as indicators of stress. The result of the measurements in poppy leaves show that the secondary metabolites dramatically respond to these stress conditions. The constant water supply was beneficial for the accumulation of alkaloids in the capsules.
The effect of reduction of pressure on the shapes of the TG, DTG and DTA curves and the mass-spectra of hydroxide and carbonate phases was investigated in some typical Hungarian red muds. The pressure change caused different decomposition rates of the phases and resulted in better separation of the overlapping thermal curves; this led to advantages as regards phase analysis. For phase analysis the red muds were extracted with water, and the extracts and solid residues were identified by IR- and X-ray methods.
The laboratory investigations of the heat transfer properties of wall structures are very significant from the point of view of designing the buildings. In this article measurements and calculations will be presented in order to manifest the effect of the forced and un-forced convection of air at the cold surface of the wall. A steady-state method for measuring the thermal resistance of wall structures with Hukseflux apparatus is presented in this article. The measurements were accomplished through, firstly on an un-insulated inbuilt plaster/brick/plaster wall construction and later it was covered with a 0.013 m thick aerogel layer blanket. Aerogels are nanoporous lightweight materials, were discovered more than 70 years ago. In these years their applications are truly spread over. During the investigations the wall structures were tested without forcing the air to motion, and then measurements were carried both on the insulated and un-insulated wall structures, where the movement of the air was forced by a ventilator from three different directions with the same 1 m/s velocity near the wall.
The development of high performance insulating materials incorporating nanotechnologies has enabled considerable decrease in the effective thermal conductivity. Besides the use of conventional insulating materials, such as mineral fibers, the adoption of new nano-technological materials such as aerogel, vacuum insulation panels, graphite expanded polystyrene, is growing. In order to reduce the thermal conductivity of polystyrene insulation materials, during the manufacturing, nano/micro-sized graphite particles are added to the melt of the polystyrene grains. The mixing of graphite flakes into the polystyrene mould further reduces the lambda value, since graphite parts significantly reflect the radiant part of the thermal energy. In this study, laboratory tests carried out on graphite insulation materials are presented. Firstly, thermal conductivity results are described, and then sorption kinetic curves at high moisture content levels are shown. The moisture up-taking behaviour of the materials was investigated with a climatic chamber where the relative humidity was 90% at 293 K temperature. Finally, calorific values of the samples are presented after combusting in a bomb calorimeter.
