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- Author or Editor: A. Ahmed x
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Abstract
Samples of nominal 18 carat and 21 carat gold jewelleries from the local market were non-destructively bulk analyzed using neutron activation analysis. Neutrons of 14 MeV energy were used with a fast pneumatic sample transfer system. The actual gold contents, as well as the composition of the base metals in these samples were determined. The fast neutron activation was found to be an efficient, quick and accurate method of characterizing the precious metal objects routinely in bulk, with a large sample throughput. The results demonstrate the commercial availability of the technique for non-destructive bulk analysis of precious metal objects.
Abstract
The ball and Plate (BaP) system is the typical example of the nonlinear dynamic system that is used in a wide range of engineering applications. So, many researchers in the control field are using the Bap system to check robust controllers under several points that challenge it, such as internal and external disturbances. Our manuscript proposed a position control intelligent technique with two directions (2D) for the BaP system by optimized multi Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC’s) with Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO) for each one. The gains and rules of the FLC’s can tune based on the CSO. This proposal utilizes the ability of the FLC’s to observe the position of the ball. At our work, the BaP system that belonged to Control Laboratory/Systems and Control Engineering department is used for real-time proposal implementation. The results have been showing a very good percentage enhancement in settling time, rise time, and overshoot, of the X-axis and Y-axis, respectively.
Abstract
The uptake behavior of Sb(V) onto diphenylthiocarbazone (H2DZ) loaded polyurethane foam (PUF) from aqueous solutions of different acids in the presence of KI have been studied. The maximum adsorption was found from 0.5N HNO3 containing 0.2M KI. The maximum equilibrium was achieved within twenty minutes shaking time. The sorption behavior followed the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The Freundlich constants 1/n and Kf are 0.57 and 3.26.10-2 mol.g-1, respectively. The Langmuir constants M and b are 2.18.10-4 mol.g-1 and 2.4.104 l.g-1, respectively. The value of sorption free energy (E) evaluated from D-R isotherm is 10.8 kJ.mol-1 indicating the ion exchange type chemisorption of Sb(V) on H2DZ loaded PUF. The thermodynamic parameters of enthalpy (H), entropy (S) and Gibbs free energy (G) have also been investigated and found to be -51.8 kJ.mol-1, -127.3 J.mol-1.deg-1 and -13.8 kJ.mol-1, respectively. The negative values of (H) and (G) indicate that the sorption is exothermic and spontaneous in nature. The effect of anions and cations and sorption mechanism are discussed.
Abstract
Fission fragments from heavy ion induced fission were stopped in thin magnesium foils. A fast procedure based on evolution of stibine was developed to separate the antimony isotopes embedded in the foil. A separation system, and a glass pressure filtration system was constructed for this purpose. The chemical yield measured by three independent methods was 80–90%. The degree of decontamination from other fission products was >102. The whole separation took eight minutes.
Abstract
Liquid — liquid extraction of Ag(I) by diphenyl-2-pyridylmethane (DPPM) in benzene from aqueous nitric and sulfuric acid solutions containing thiocyanate ions has been studied at ambient temperature (24±2 °C). The metal is extracted quantitatively from 0.01M HNO3+0.02M KSCN; or 0.25M H2SO4+0.02M KSCN by 0.1M DPPM (optimum extraction conditions). Slope analysis indicates that two types of ion-pair complexes i.e. [(DPPMH)+·Ag(SCN) 2 – ] and [(DPPMH) 2 + ·Ag(SCN) 3 2– ] are involved in the extraction process. Separation factors determined at optimum conditions reveal the separation of Ag(I) from Cs(I), Br(I), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Au(III) (from HNO3 solution only), Cr(III), Hf(IV), Ta(V), Sn(IV) and Cr(VI). With the exception of thiosulfate, other complexing anions like ascorbate, acetate, citrate, oxalate do not hinder the extraction of Ag(I) under optimum conditions.
Abstract
The sorption of Fe(III) at low pH range from 1 to 4.5 on open cell polyether type HTTA-loaded polyurethane foam has been carried out using batch technique. The optimum shaking time for 2.5· 10–4M solution of Fe(III) was found to be 30 minutes. The concept of macropore and micropore nature of polyurethane foam sorbent offers unique advantages of adsorption. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms are followed at low concentration range from 1·10–4 to 3·10–4M solution of Fe(III). The Freundlich constant (1/n=0.46±0.013 andK=9.16±1.39 mg·g–1) and Langmuir isotherm constants(M=21.78 mg·g–1 andb=88.41±9.731·g–1) were established. The sorption mean free energyE=12.22±0.09 kJ·mol–1 and loading capacityC m =145.21±6.1 mg·g–1 were evaluated using Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm, which suggested that the adsorption mechanism was chemisorption.
Abstract
The batch kinetics of Fe(III) adsorption on HTTA-loaded polyurethane (PU) foam have been investigated. The rate of controlling the adsorption is found to be intraparticle diffusion. The reaction rate of adsorption and desorption was also evaluated and found to increase and decrease with temperature, respectively. This indicates an endothermic adsorption behavior of Fe(III) on HTTA loaded PU foam. The activation energy of adsorption (80±10 kJ·mol–1) and of desorption (–45±±2 kJ· mol–1) indicates the chemical adsorption rather than physical adsorption. The isosteric heat of adsorption ( H ads) was found to be –82.7±5.05 kJ·mol–1. This shows the formation of new chemical bonds among Fe(III)-HTTA-PU foam. The thermodynamic parameters of G, H and S, and equilibrium constantK c have been calculated. These functions further support that the process of adsorption of Fe(III) on HTTA-loaded PU foam is endothermic and chemisorption, stabilized through thermodynamic functions.
Abstract
The concentration of radioactive226Ra,232Th and40K in building and ceramic materials of Bangladesh was investigated by γ-spectrometry with two HPGe detectors. Radium equivalent activities, representative level index values, criterion formula, emanation coefficients and222Rn mass exhalation rates were estimated for the radiation hazard of the natural radioactivity in the materials. The activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides, radium equivalent activities, emanation coefficients and222Rn mass exhalation rates are compared with the corresponding values for building and ceramic materials of different countries. The radium equivalent activities in the samples varied between 30.9 (mosaic stone) and 328.0 Bq·kg−1 (gypsum). The emanation coefficient of the materials ranged from 7.83 (cement) to 33.0% (soil) and the222Rn mass exhalation rate ranged from 2.31 (stone chips) to 118.0 μBq·kg−1·s−1 (gypsum).