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- Author or Editor: F. Gaál x
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The paper presents results of the HPLC determination of sulphachloropyrazine residues (active component of the drug „Esb3 30%”) in muscle tissue and liver of broiler chickens inoculated with laboratory-grown coccidium in the course and after treatment with this sulphonamide.Extraction of sulphachloropyrazine from samples of broiler muscle tissue and liver was carried out with a mixture of solvents dichloromethane-methanol-acetic acid (90:5:5, v/v/v), followed by extract purification by chromatographic separation on a XAD-2 column and elution of sulphachloropyrazine residues with dichloromethane. The HPLC determination of sulphachloropyrazine residues was accomplished on a Bio Sil C-8 HL 5 ?m column with a mobile phase consisting of 60% aqueous solution of acetonitrile and NH3 (pH=9.5), using a UV detector at 254 nm.The method developed allows quantitative determination of the residues of the anticoccidial agent in broiler tissue samples with a detection limit of 0.02 ?g g–1. Recovery of the method for this type of samples with a complex matrix was satisfactory, the results ranging from 79.2(0.6 to 86.7(0.2% for muscle tissue and from 81.7(0.8 to 87.3(0.7% for liver.
Abstract
It has been shown that computerized derivatographic method with EGA technique can be applied to determine contents of organic matter and carbonates in soil samples with satisfactory accuracy and reproducibility of the results. The method enables simultaneous determination of the ‘mobile’ and ‘bound’ water in the sample.
Abstract
This paper presents the results obtained in the investigation of the reactions of potassium carbonate with some transition metals oxides (TiO2 , V2 O5 , Cr2 O3 , MnO2 , Fe2 O3 ). The reactions were carried out under non-isothermal conditions, and thermogravimetric analysis was used to monitor the transformation degree a. Experimental data indicated that the reaction of potassium carbonate and iron(III) oxide occurs in one stage, whereas the reactions of the oxides of titanium, vanadium, chromium and manganese are more complex, involving two-stage processes. Activation energies and pre-exponential factors were determined for all the processes taking place in the investigated systems. For the second stage of the reaction of K2 CO3 with Cr2 O3 , and V2 O5 the obtained values of activation energy were 59.2 and 512 kJ mol−1 respectively. Based on the values of activation energy and pre-exponential factor, the existence of a kinetic compensation effect was postulated for the three homologous series of reactions.
Thermal analysis of some fly ashes
I. Gastitrimetric determination of carbon and sulfur contents of fly ashes
Abstract
The thermal behavior of different fly ashes from the electrical precipitators of various pulverized carbon fuel-fired boilers was investigated by means of simultaneous TG, DTG, DTA and EGA analysis. The carbon and sulfur contents of the samples were determined by gastitrimetry. The compositions of the samples were examined by X-ray diffraction. The quantitative oxide analysis of the ashes was carried out by means of a classical method.
The nutritive value of dog foods declared by the manufacturer as nutritionally complete and balanced can be best assessed by feeding trials with dogs. A protocol of a feeding trial has been developed and tested with working dogs fed two different commercial complete and balanced diets for 8 weeks. The parameters used for evaluating the effect of diets were general health status, body and hair coat condition, change of body weight, haematological parameters (white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin, packed cell volume), and biochemical parameters in blood serum (alanine aminotransferase, urea, albumin). The trial protocol proved to be appropriate to monitor the dogs' nutritional status and to reveal differences between diets. This method of evaluation is recommended for use in supporting the nutritional claims (labelling) of dog foods.
Age-related changes of tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO) of liver and brain, as well as plasma antioxidant capacity of broiler chicken cockerels were investigated. Tissue LPO was characterised by the spectrophotometric assessment of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Plasma antioxidant power was evaluated by the measurement of total antioxidant status (TAS). Newly hatched broiler chicks had similar TAS value (1.19 mmol/l) as newborns of mammalian species. Significant changes (p < 0.05) were observed in the time course of all parameters. Tissue TBARS concentration was higher in the brain than in the liver at hatching, while the latter organ was found to have more effective antioxidant defence during embryonic life. The concentration of TBARS increased up to the 10th day in the liver but only up to the 21st day in the brain, and the former was accompanied by an approximately 50% decrease of plasma antioxidant capacity. This suggests that the liver plays an important role in forming the antioxidant defence mechanisms of the blood plasma in broiler chicks.
The effect of supplementary methionine and fats of different saturation levels on the glutathione redox system of growing broiler cockerels was studied. The diet of three groups of chicks was supplemented with corn germ oil, beef tallow and fish oil at the levels of 30 g/kg and 50 g/kg of feed, respectively. The diet of further three groups was supplemented with methionine (5 g/kg of feed) in addition to the different fat sources. Control chicks were fed with a compound feed without methionine and fat supplementation. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulphide (GSSG) content as well as glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver were determined and GSH/GSSG ratio was calculated at day old and then at one and three weeks of age. Our results indicate that supplementary methionine stimulates both the synthesis of the glutathione redox system and glutathione peroxidase activity in growing chickens in the first period of postnatal life, when the risk of lipid peroxidation is high due to feeding unsaturated fats in the diet.
The influence of fish oil (highly unsaturated) and beef tallow (highly saturated) with vitamin E (100 IU/kg) supplementation on the antioxidant status of broiler chicken cockerels was investigated. Chicks were fed a control diet with no added fat, 40 g/kg each of fish oil and beef tallow diets, respectively, from 11 to 42 days of age. Tocopherol concentration and the rate of lipid peroxidation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in liver, fatty acid composition of the liver lipids, blood serum total antioxidant status (TAS), and reduced glutathione (GSH) content were determined. Vitamin E supplementation of the diet increased liver ?-tocopherol content in chicks regardless of the type of dietary fat. Fish oil diet resulted in higher liver TBARS value while beef tallow diet showed lower values compared to the control diet. Vitamin E supplementation reduced liver TBARS as well as serum GSH, and raised serum TAS for all diets. Serum GSH was the same for vitamin E supplemented diets regardless of the fat supplement. Fish oil diets resulted in a significant increase in hepatic lipid n-3 PUFA content. A significant positive correlation was found between liver TBARS and n-3 PUFA content. No relationships were established, however, between liver TBARS and n-6 PUFA or saturated fatty acids. The results suggest that feeding oils rich in n-3 PUFA increases tissue concentration of these fatty acids, consequently increasing tissue lipid peroxidation and reducing the antioxidative status of broiler chickens. Supplementing high levels of vitamin E with such oils may increase tissue oxidative stability. Serum TAS or GSH may be used as a measure of antioxidative status in chickens.
