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- Author or Editor: G. Molnár x
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A method is presented in this paper for solving a practical problem: how to make georeferenced mosaic of a map series using ground control points and quadratic polynomial transformation for every individual map sheet, if we expect, that after georeferencing the edges of the transformed map sheets should fit together.To solve this problem we can use a constrained polynomial fit method. In this method we use least square adjustment to get the transformation parameters for every individual map sheets, and we define constrains, that the common edges of every two neighboring map sheet should transform similarly. Solving this equation we get the transformation parameters for every single map sheet. Using these parameters for transforming the map sheets, we get georeferenced maps, that automatically fit together in a GIS software.This method has been successfully applied for georeferencing 18 map sheets of the First Topographic Survey of the Habsburg Empire. The resulting georeferenced map has larger residual errors than the individually transformed map sheets, but in exchange for we get a seamless map mosaic, that is more accurate, than the graphically merged and transformed.
Abstract
Nuclear data for neutron activation analysis are reviewed critically. Available sources of neutron cross sections and related quantities, radioactive decay half-lives, gamma-ray energies and absolute intensities, as well as prompt gamma-ray data are assessed from the viewpoint of quantitative analysis. New developments in the production and dissemination of such data are also described, and practical recommendations are formulated. Special emphasis is given to the traceability of sources, the accuracy and age of data, and to electronic access via Internet.
The original map sheets of the Third Military Survey of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy cannot be mosaicked in their original, printed form because of their uneven trapezoid format. To make a digitized raster mosaic of the individual sheets, they all should be georeferenced. Instead of the original projections, which vary from sheet to sheet, a series of sinusoid projections was defined, one unique projection for each sheet columns. The sinusoid projection provides an appropriate approximation of the original trapezoid forms and size of the sheets. Each sheet were rectified in the respective projection then reprojected to a general conic projection, defined for the final mosaic. After all of those transformations, the transformed digital content of the sheets fits to each other well enough to make a geo-referred mosaic. The location parameters of the geodetic datum used for transformation to modern projection systems are the followings: dX = +600 m; dY = +205 m; dZ = +437 m. These figures gives exact fit at the fundamental point of Hermannskogel. Because of the not unified geodetic adjustment of the original base point system, using one unified datum causes a maximum error of 220 meters throughout the whole territory of the Monarchy and the adjacent area on the maps.
Summary
A beam chopper has been developed at the cold neutron PGAA facility of the Budapest Research Reactor. In the open phase of the chopper the usual prompt gamma-spectrum is recorded, while in the decay phase short-lived decay lines can be collected with good counting statistics on an extremely low baseline. A series of elements has been measured with the chopped beam technique to assess the capabilities of the new technique. An archaeological sample was also examined, to demonstrate how spectral interferences can be resolved.
Lake Balaton is located in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary (46°50′ N, 17°50′ E), and is characterized by its large area (594 km 2 ) and very shallow water depth (avg. 3.5 meters). The main tributary is the Zala River, which enters the western bay, and the only outlet is the Sió River in the East.Sámuel Krieger conducted the first known survey focusing on Lake Balaton in 1776. The original purpose of Sámuel Krieger’s work was to illustrate his plans of draining and canalizing Lake Balaton. This map indicates several proposed canals and bathymetric contour lines according to a water level drop of 1, 2, or 3.33 Viennese fathoms (1 Viennese fathom = 1.89 meters). The map also shows settlements, land use and relief. Krieger measured water input from tributaries, documented the water level fluctuations of the lake, and summed his results in the “Descriptio”, a document with several tables of data and a written description of Lake Balaton, the Sió River, and the possible benefits of his plan of draining the lake.Almost 90 years later, the water level was lowered by approximately 1 meter in 1863, cutting off large marsh areas from the water system of the lake. The first bathymetric map was surveyed in 1895 after the lake was partially drained. The bathymetric survey was carried out with the purpose of estimating the water volume held by the lake. Understanding water balance was important for flood control after the Sió Canal and lock was built in 1863. Water depth was measured in 2884 points, along sections near the shore, and scattered points in areas of low relief. Depth was measured with a sounding line or pole. Horizontal positions were measured optically from military triangulation points, and elevations were leveled from a network of benchmarks placed for this survey. Distances were measured in fathoms but elevations were measured in meters for better accuracy. Reprojection of the scanned map was possible, but we had to correct minor errors by triangulation. Surviving benchmarks, depicted buildings and railway bridges were used as control points. The resulting map was used to create a Digital Elevation Model of the lake floor for investigating sedimentation processes.
Periodicity of pheromone titer in female moths, modulated by various factors (age, photoperiod, temperature), has been reported for a number species, however, comparative studies on pheromone strains of those species where pheromone polymorphism is known to occur has so far scarcely been studied.In this study, the rhythm and age dependence of calling behavior as well as of the titer of the respective main sex pheromone components, and timing and frequency of mating within E-and Z-strains of European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae) were compared during scotophase, under laboratory conditions (18/6 hours photoregime, 26 °C).Very similar trends were fund in both strains in the diel fluctuation of both calling behavior and pheromone titer within the scotophase, as well as its age dependence, and also in timing and mating frequency. The titer of the respective main pheromone component gradually increased during the scotophase. Highest titers were found in freshly emerged females, however even 6-day-old females produced roughly half amounts. Freshly emerged females of both strains were ready to mate with males of their own strain, however, the percentage of matings were higher in 1–3-day-old age cohorts. Differences between strains was found in the total amount of the respective main pheromone components in the gland. The average amount of ( Z )11-tetradecenyl acetate extracted from the ovipositor of Z-strain females 10 min. before the end of the scotophase was 2.17 ng / female equivalent, whereas the corresponding value of ( E )11-tetradecenyl acetate for E-strain females was 8.25 ng / female equivalent. Moreover, E-strain females tended to start calling somewhat earlier, and the percentages of calling females was higher during the peak calling period than that of the Z-strain. Significance of these findings in characterizing the strains are discussed.
Abstract
Recent attempts to improve the performance of very short-lived neutron activation analysis are reviewed. It is shown that the combination of an intense cold neutron beam from a research reactor with a beam chopper offers higher signal-to-background ratio, more accurate timing and much simpler sample handling than conventional cyclic activation analysis. Application of a digital spectrum analyzer in data list mode allows for easy determination of the half-life. Hence, time-resolved activation analysis utilizing energy and time information becomes practical.
Biome interfaces are expected to exhibit chorological symmetry, i.e., decreasing trends in the number of species associated with each of the two neighbouring biomes as we progress from one into the other. Our aim was to test for such a pattern within the forest steppe biome, which is a transition zone in itself between the temperate deciduous forests and the steppe biome. Presence of chorological symmetry would provide indirect evidence for the prehuman presence of zonal steppes in the Carpathian basin. We also whished to provide an example with this analysis for drawing biogeographical conclusions based on quantitative species occurrence data, an information source hitherto neglected in Central Europe. Occurrence patterns of forest and steppe species were analysed at the Duna-Tisza köze (Danube-Tisza Interfluve) by the traditional qualitative biogeographic method and by hierarchical classification of predicted spatial pattern based on Generalized Linear Models with logistic link function. Species presences were explained by variables describing spatial orientation. In this approach, an outgroup of sand grassland species was also added to characetrise the discrimination ability of the approach. The quantitative method discriminated the out-group of sand grassland species, providing evidence of its suitability for our purpose. The results of the quantitative investigations were also in accordance with the qualitative evaluation. Surprisingly, forest and steppe species showed similar distributional patterns, i.e., no chorological symmetry was discernable. The quantitative biogeographic approach unveiled important evidence for deciding about the potential presence of zonal steppes in the Carpathian basin. Although the observed similarity of the distribution of forest and steppe species may have multiple reasons, the major cause of the lack of chorological symmetry is most probably the lack of zonal steppe South of the forest steppe biome in the Carpathian basin. Additional explanations include land use pattern and the mountain belt around the basin acting as a refugium in the ice ages.
