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- Author or Editor: György Jenei x
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The paper examines the requirements of an effective and legitimized democratic political system in the process of transition. The analysis and the conclusions are based on the Hungarian experience, which can carefully be applied to all Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Special focus is given to the relationship of legal certainty and the efficiency of the democratic system, to the tension between legalism and managerialism and to the characteristics of civil society organizations. In the conclusion special features of the transitional countries are pointed out.
The paper reviews the existing cost-sharing practices in four Central European countries namely the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia focusing on patient co-payments for pharmaceuticals and services covered by the social health insurance. The aim is to examine the role of cost-sharing arrangements and to evaluate them in terms of efficiency, equity and public acceptance to support policy making on patient payments in Central Europe. Our results suggest that the share of out-of-pocket payments in total health care expenditure is relatively high (24–27%) in the countries examined. The main driver of these payments is the expenditure on pharmaceuticals and medical devices, which share exceeds 70% of the household expenditure on health care. The four countries use similar cost-sharing techniques for pharmaceuticals, however there are differences concerning the measure of exemption mechanisms for vulnerable social groups. Patient payment policies for health care services covered by the social health insurance are also converging. All the four countries apply co-payments for dental care, some hotel services or in the case of free choice of physician. Also the countries (except for Poland) tried to extend co-payments for physician services and hospital care. However, their introduction met strong political opposition and unpopularity among public.
Absztrakt
Az enyhe terápiás hypothermia az utóbbi évtizedben elfogadott és elterjedt intenzív terápiás módszerré vált a hirtelen szívhalált elszenvedett és sikeresen resuscitált betegek kezelésében. Bár a rendelkezésre álló evidenciák alapján a terápiás hypothermia a resuscitatiós irányelvek részét alkotja, terápiás alkalmazása számos ponton csupán tapasztalati tényekre alapszik. Különösen intenzív szakmai vita tárgyát képezi az ideális célhőmérséklet és a nem sokkolandó ritmussal feltalált betegek hűtésének kérdése. A hypothermia szinte az összes szervrendszer működését befolyásolja, ezért ezek ismerete elengedhetetlen a mellékhatások korai felismerésében és kezelésében. A szerzők célja, hogy a rendelkezésre álló vizsgálati eredmények és saját gyakorlati tapasztalataik alapján összegezzék a terápiás hypothermia klinikai szerepét a resuscitatión átesett betegek kezelésében. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(16), 611–617.
