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- Author or Editor: Imre Gráfik x
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“From Western Europe to Central Europe”. Example from Vas Country in Transdanubia, Hungary . The relation between the World and Hungary, and its population has changed since the change of regime in 1989. The political, economic and social openness has started such progression that has changed the life conditions of both the individuals and the communities. Our sample, if it could be typical in this case, it could also be atypical . Iklanberény, the town which we examine, is the second smallest in Vas county, which is typically a county of small towns. The situation of Iklanberény is in many ways very interesting. As far as I am concerned the foreigners have chosen this town to move into without any special reason, but it is a fact, that after the first family moved in, more and more have come and settled. Nowadays about 10–14 foreigners — mainly Germans — (30%) live there besides the Hungarians. The foreigners live there either constantly or periodically, dependent of their work, economic interest, and in some cases it is also a question of Hungarian origin, or simple personal sympathy, cultural interest or the will to learn. They can not really take part in the town’s public life, because of work occupation, lack of relatives and friends, and of language difficulties, but with gestures, donations they constantly show how they are planning to stay and build up an existence there. They believe their ‘complete’ integration is very problematic, and their age, as well as language communication problems make it quite unlikely to happen. The future is hard to see for their foreign employees, their children — if — taking on their businesses, within the possibilities of the European Union. Still it is definitely sure that their presence in Iklanberény, in the past ten years, has made positive changes in the life of the little town, regardless of their limits. Also they are helping to make the future of their “second home” positive.
The role of the popular play in preserving natinal identity
The example of Velika Pisanica, Croatia, with additional reference to Burgenland and Slovenia
Ethnographic inquiry into the folk culture of the Carpathian Basin, with particular reference to developmental trends, has revealed much new information regarding the lives of Hungarians abroad, especially regarding changing living conditions within Hungarian populations now living outside historically redrawn Hungarian state borders. It would be no exaggeration to claim that these Hungarians have, to the present day, lived under extraordinarily diverse circumstances, and that the preservation of folk culture in the minority national environment has been a decisive factor in the maintenance of their national identity. For this culture to survive and grow, however, it is essential that members of the national group learn and use their native Hungarian tongue.The present study concerns itself with the historic genre of the popular play, a cultural phenomenon that has played a special role in this regard and that in some places, both in the recent past, and today, still bears considerable significance in the preservation of minority national identity. Accordingly, this study will not extend to actual folk dramatics, though it will make reference to certain intersections and possible relationships where it seems natural to do so.
The spatial frame of the investigation is the Carpathian Basin and especially its Great Plain areas inhabited by Hungarian-speaking people; and the period it covers, which can be documented with buildings, is the 150–200 years from the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 20th century. Examining all the elements of form which played a role in shaping the architectural image of the market town, it can be found that some of them are only barely, while others are very definitely expressions of the semiosis of market town architecture.The criteria of form are suitable for the simultaneous realisation of the following triadic relations: 1) the architectural functions archived through the technical-technological and structural solutions of building practice; 2) meanings related to the communicative nature of architecture; 3) representation of the architectural solutions of aesthetic content accepted by the taste of the community, artistic aesthetics (of architecture).As a final conclusion it can thus be said that a relative and absolute horizontal and vertical dynamics — realised with architectural signs and visually codable — operate in shaping the architectural image of the market town.
This work is based on the museological classification of the saddle collection of the Museum of Ethnography in Budapest. The collection consists of cca 150 saddles, two-thirds of which comes from Hungarian speaking areas, one third from Northern Africa, Asia and Finland. The author describes the development of saddles and their different types by analysing the objects and professional literature. Making and ornamenting saddles, harnesses and equipments of the saddles for different purposes are described here. The most famous Hungarian saddle making centre and the most widespread Hungarian type, the Tiszafüred type are highlighted. Cultural history of this Eastern heritage from the ancient history of Hungarians upto the present is presented. It also refers to the significant traditions of Hungarian riding culture (Hungarian hussar) and to the new areas and possibilities of current saddle usage (sport, turism, recreation).
