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Dans la deuxième moitié du 15 e siècle, la cour royale de Hongrie devint un foyer culturel qui permettait le fonctionnement non seulement d’institutions appelées à accueillir des courants intellectuels venant de l’extérieur, mais aussi d’ateliers de création. Ces ateliers étaient bien connus en Europe. Sous le règne (1458–1490) du roi Mátyás Hunyadi (Mathias Corvinus), la Bibliotheca Corviniana , fondée dans la cour royale de Buda, est devenue une des plus grandes bibliothèques européennes de l’époque. Cette bibliothèque est devenue plus tard le symbole le plus souvent cité de la civilisation de Hongrie et, à partir du 19 e siècle, un élément solide de l’identité hongroise. Nous avouons, bien volontiers, qu’en façonnant le nouveau visage de la bibliothèque nationale, nous tenons à faire ressortir les liens spirituels qui unissent la Bibliotheca Corviniana à la Bibliotheca Regnicolaris fondée par le comte Ferenc Széchényi (1802).
Dans la pratique de catalogage en vigueur aux 17e–18e siècles, les soucis qu’on qualifierait aujourd’hui de bibliothéconomiques ne se sont pas affirmés. Cette affirmation porte également sur les bibliothèques dont le fonctionnement est déterminé par des prescriptions d’ordre monacal (constitutiones). Puisque les possesseurs ne pouvaient pas prévoir à long terme l’enrichissement de leurs bibliothèques, les possibilités d’acquérir de nouveaux livres sur des critères thématiques furent extrêmement limitées. Seulement une partie infime des bibliothèques fut soumise à un classement thématique détaillée (exécuté soit par le possesseur en personne, soit par son employé).La structure interne des bibliothèques, ainsi que les transformations thématiques de leur corpus constituent une source historique importante, puisqu’elles permettent d’étudier les tendances générales de la réception des idées occidentales dans la Hongrie de la période en question. Les deux phénomènes que nous devons impérativement retenir sont d’abord la sécularisation (la baisse de la participation des livres théologiques ou ecclésiastiques), puis la formation des collections patriotica (consacrées á l’histoire nationale).
Abstract
When one examines the descriptions of Hungarian travellers of the 16th–17th centuries, it can be stated that the young people – as the listed examples all bring to life the journeys of young people – were prepared for the trips. These young travellers were also accompanied by teachers, and they could read about the geography and people of the area to be visited in the libraries at home. It is also important that eruditive knowledge, complemented by the experience of the trip, reinforces the knowledge read. They also knew the importance of book publishing and the book trade, and we could cite more passages in this regard than in the case of libraries. The libraries they saw were admired, but usually left unmentioned. They must have visited the university library, yet we can hardly find any information about this in the letters and diaries sent to patrons and parents. In our study, we present and cite some examples, but we mention cases where the traveller also noticed the decoration of the library – paintings, sculptures – and furnishings. Globes are mentioned more often. At the end of the study, I mention that from the end of the 17th century we know of a university debate (dissertation) about libraries. Under the leadership of praesens Johann Georg Zihn, Adam Gruber, a citizen of Sopron, defended his thesis, Disputatio de bibliothecis (Leipzig, 1678). It is also the first library science work by an author from Hungary.
Abstract
La cour royale de Mathias Corvin (1443–1490 ; 1458–1490) et celle des rois Jagellons jouent jusqu’au XVe siècle, dans la vie intellectuelle du royaume de Hongrie, un rôle comparable à celui des cours royales en Europe occidentale. Mais l’occupation de la capitale (Buda) par les Turcs (1541) et l’absence de souverain « national » transforment profondément le rôle des familles aristocratiques pour ce qui concerne tant l’organisation de la vie culturelle que la vie de l’Église. Parallèlement, la Réforme protestante progresse au XVIe siècle en Hongrie et en Transylvanie, cette dernière devenue une principauté pratiquement indépendante. Les nouveaux acteurs autour desquels se développe dès lors la vie culturelle dans le pays sont les grands aristocrates et les cours qu’ils réunissent à leur entour : les Bánffy, Batthyány, Nádasdy, Perényi, Rákóczi, Esterházy et quelques autres. En Transylvanie, le rôle de la cour princière reste dominant, grâce à sa richesse relative par rapport aux cours seigneuriales. Si l’aristocratie de Hongrie et de Transylvanie se convertit très majoritairement à la Réforme au XVIe siècle, la politique des Habsbourg et les progrès de la Contre-Réforme entraînent un vaste mouvement de reconversion, mais en Hongrie seulement, au XVIIe siècle. À la fin du siècle, ces territoires sont pleinement réintégrés dans les territoires des Habsbourg : dès lors, la question de la modernité se déploie de plus en plus nettement, à laquelle se joint la nouvelle problématique de l’identité collective, puis nationale.
Central Europe (Europe-Between, Zwischeneuropa) belonged to the sphere of German cultural influence. Western intellectual trends came also through German language areas either directly or indirectly by transmitting ideas (e.g.: the products of Renaissance intellectual trends or the ideas of the Enlightenment). At the same time the peoples of the region were also in direct connection with one another. In several cases the rulers of Hungary, Bohemia and Poland had been the members of the same dynasties but there were periods when personal union was the form of governance. The institutionally organised protection of the mother tongue, the establishment of national literature and science took place at different times and lasted from the beginning of the sixteenth century until the end of the nineteenth century, with the exception of the Czech language. This vision of cultural history is presented in this lecture by comparing the similarities and the differences in reading history of the region. The first examples are taken from the Protestant Reformation and its preceding Spiritual and Humanist movements. I will discuss the direct connections between Hungary and Livonia (through the two examples of the Hungarian translation and publication of Georg Ziegler’s book and the Hungarian students of the Papal Seminary of Riga) touching also upon the shared university studies of students from several nations of Europe-Between (in Bologna, Padova, Wittenberg, Heidelberg, Strasburg, etc.).
The present study started out by posing the question: what reasons might lead to the success of Hungarian intellectuals who were schooled in Hungary and who later emigrated to the West. From among the possible answers, we examined one: education and reading culture in Hungary was more complex in a given period than in Western Europe. We consider whether or not this answer is persuasive.
Based on the results provided by basic research in reading history in Hungary in the early modern period, one can safely say that the culture of experts in Hungary was more heterogeneous, and these experts constantly revisited traditional sources and kept them alive. On the other hand, in terms of the depth of professional knowledge and the level of concentration on a given field they were lagging behind their contemporary colleagues in Western Europe. This situation produced a dual eff ect: experts in Hungary had a stronger sense of tradition and they looked for transitional solutions due to the lack of the latest technical development and literature. Out of the Hungarian context, however, they produced outstanding achievements thanks to the more heterogeneous nature of their expertise.
Abstract
The Hungarian research of the material of the Austrian National Library, including the Imperial Court Library, is an ongoing story about Hungary as well, however, the spectacular subjects (Bibliotheca Corvina, Johannes Sambucus, Hans Dernschwam) overshadowed the regularity. More recently, the role of Vienna as a center has even been investigated at a theoretical level.
From the perspective of the Court Library, the habits of three social groups must also be taken into account when examining the development of Hungarian or Hungarian-related book collections. (1) The Viennese printers who published the books were interested in delivering their products to the court. (2) The Hungarian patrons, either wanting to prove that the modern court spirit influenced them as well, or keeping their reputation by maintaining an institutional collection – doing this out of boast or mere politeness. (3) But the most interesting is always the author. The intellectuals like to be near power – even when it's the hated power. The author, the publisher, wants to be known and to live in the spotlight (even if they suffers from it). Since the 16th century, we can always find Hungarian intellectuals living in Vienna, who were at home in the capital of the Empire, and were not immigrants from Hungary.
The 21st century's digital ÖNB clearly shows the wealth it has in Hungarian books, and we could also say that it is one of the largest Hungarian digital libraries.
Abstract
The Kingdom of Hungary and the Grand Duchy of Transylvania were integrated into the Holy Roman Empire during the 18th century and accordingly, this shaped its institutional system. There were many obstacles to the creation of the “Empire-conform” library system. After 150 years of Ottoman rule, the country had to be rebuilt physically. It also had to build new Church and state centers, while the wars against the Turks continued, until the end of the 18th century. Public life was burdened by the anti-Protestantism of the Habsburg emperors, since, at the end of the 17th century, two-thirds of the country's population were Protestants. By the end of the 18th century this proportion had dropped to one-third. (At the same time, the Protestant institutional system was also dismantled.) In other words, the library system was built twice in a century and a half and demolished again to create a new system. In summary, however, it can be concluded that a library system conforming to that of the Habsburg Empire was established in the Kingdom of Hungary and Transylvania during the century following the end of the Ottoman rule.
