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- Author or Editor: J. Cai x
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Abstract
This paper describes the influences of some parameters relevant to biomass pyrolysis on the numerical solutions of the nonisothermal n th-order distributed activation energy model (DAEM) involved the Weibull distribution. Investigated parameters are the integral upper limit, the frequency factor, heating rate, the reaction order and the shape, scale and location parameters of the Weibull distribution. Those influences can be used for the determination of the kinetic parameters of the nonisothermal n th-order Weibull DAEM from thermoanalytical data of biomass pyrolysis.
Abstract
The dependence of the frequency factor on the temperature (A=A 0 T m) has been examined and the errors involved in the activation energy calculated from some integral methods without considering such dependence have been estimated. Investigated integral methods are the Coats-Redfern method, the Gorbachev-Lee-Beck method, the Wanjun-Yuwen method and the Junmeng-Fusheng method. The results have shown that the error in the determination of the activation energy calculated ignoring the dependence of the frequency factor on the temperature can be rather large and it is dependent on x=E/RT and the exponent m.
Abstract
The pyrolysis of wheat straw has been carried out by means of thermogravimetric analysis in inert atmosphere. The samples were heated over a range of temperatures that includes the entire range of pyrolysis with three different heating rates of 5, 10 and 20 K min−1. The activation energy values as a function of the extent of conversion for the pyrolysis process of wheat straw have been calculated by means of the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa isoconversional method, the Vyazovkin–Sbirrazzuoli isoconversional method and an iterative isoconversional method presented in this article. The results have showed that there are small differences between the activation energy values obtained from the three methods, and the pyrolysis process reveals a dependence of the activation energy on conversion and have indicated the validity of the iterative integral isoconversional method. The effective activation energy for the pyrolysis of wheat straw is 130–175 kJ mol−1 in the conversion range of 0.15–0.85. Furthermore, the prediction of the pyrolysis process under isothermal conditions from the dependence of the activation energy on the extent of conversion has been presented.
Abstract
We obtain two countable properties of spaces with a point-countable sn-network, establish the mapping relation between spaces with a point-countable wcs*-network of certain property and locally separable metric spaces, and partially correct a gap in [8].
Non-isothermal kinetics in solids
The precision of some integral methods for the determination of the activation energy without neglecting the temperature integral at the starting temperature
Abstract
The integral methods, which are obtained from the various approximations for the temperature integral, have been extensively used in the non-isothermal kinetic analysis. In order to obtain the precision of the integral methods for the determination of the activation energy, several authors have calculated the relative errors of the activation energy obtained from the integral methods. However, in their calculations, the temperature integral at the starting temperature was neglected. In this work, we have performed a systematic analysis of the precision of the activation energy calculated by the integral methods without doing any simplifications. The results have shown that the relative error involved in the activation energy determined from the integral methods depends on two dimensionless quantities: the normalized temperature θ=T/T 0, and the dimensionless activation energy x 0=E/RT 0 (where E is the activation energy, T is the temperature, T 0 is the starting temperature, R is the gas constant).
Abstract
Recently, Órfão obtained two simple equations for the estimation of the relative error in the activation energy calculated by the integral methods [2]. In this short communication, the validity of the equations has been evaluated by comparing the results calculated by the equations with the results calculated by the equation from theoretical derivation without introducing any assumption.
Precision of integral methods for the determination of the kinetic parameters
Use in the kinetic analysis of solid-state reactions
Abstract
In this paper, a systematic analysis of the errors involved in the determination of the kinetic parameters (including the activation energy and frequency factor) from five integral methods has been carried out. The integral methods analyzed here are Coats-Redfern, Gorbachev, Wanjun-Yuwen-Hen-Zhiyong-Cunxin, Junmeng-Fusheng-Weiming-Fang, Junmeng-Fang and Junmeng-Fang-Weiming-Fusheng method. The results have shown that the precision of the kinetic parameters calculated by the different integral methods is dependent on u (E/RT), that is, on the activation energy and the average temperature of the process.
Abstract
A new approximation has been proposed for calculation of the general temperature integral
Food poisoning cases, due to consumption of food from animal sources that contains clenbuterol, have occurred frequently in China over the recent years, causing a certain degree of social panic. Several relevant ministries issued related documentation and took appropriate measures to crack down on the behaviour of illegal manufacture, sale, and use of clenbuterol. However, this behaviour continued due to great economic benefits and ethical problems. This paper investigates the industrial chain of production and sale of clenbuterol in China. Moreover, we discuss the impediments of and the governmental countermeasures being implemented in supervising the use of clenbuterol in China. The positive example in monitoring the use of clenbuterol in China may help to improve food safety management throughout China and other developing countries.
Uniformity in the height of main stem and tillers is a key factor affecting ideal plant type, a key component in super high-yielding rice breeding. An understanding of the genetic basis of the panicle layer uniformity may thus contribute to breeding varieties with good plant type and high yield. In the present study, a doubled haploid (DH) population, derived from a cross between indica rice variety Zhai-Ye-Qing 8 (ZYQ8) and japonica rice variety Jing-Xi 17 (JX17) was used to analyze quantitative trait loci (QTL) for panicle layer uniformity related traits. Six, four and three QTL were detected for the highest panicle height (HPH), lowest panicle height (LPH) and panicle layer dis-uniformity (PLD), respectively. qHPH-1-1 and qPLD-1 were located at the same interval on chromosome 1. The JX17 allele(s) of these QTL increased HPH and PLD by 2.57 and 1.26 cm, respectively. Similarly, qPLD-7 and qHPH-7 were located at the same interval on chromosome 7, where the ZYQ8 allele(s) increased HPH and PLD by 3.74 and 1.96 cm, respectively. These four QTL were unfavourable for panicle layer uniformity improvement because a decrease of the PLD was accompanied by decrease of the plant height. qPLD-6 and qLPH-6-1 were located at the same interval on chromosome 6, however here the JX17 allele(s) increased LPH, but decreased PLD, suggesting that this QTL was favourable for improvement of panicle layer uniformity. The markers identified in this study are potential for marker assisted breeding for the improvement of the panicle layer uniformity and ideal plant type.
