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Ten pedotransfer functions (PTF) estimating soil saturated hydraulic conductivity were investigated using the HunSODA database and the SOILarium 2.0 software. The predicting efficiency of the PTFs was investigated by using statistical indicators, such as the expected value of absolute as well as relative errors. The estimated values, along with measured values of two characteristic Hungarian sites were used in a model application for simulating infiltration during a heavy rainfall event. When choosing a pedotransfer function it is most safe to choose an empirical PTF or a PTF that was developed on a large base dataset applying a not-too-simple not-too-complex formula. Considering the uncertainty related to arbitrary choosing a PTF and using its estimation in a model application, it is more safer to measure than estimate the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil.

Direct DNA inoculations were used to determine the efficacy of gene immunisation of chickens to elicit protective immune responses against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Thevp2 gene of IBDV strains GP40 and D78, and thevp2-vp4-vp3 encoding segment of strain D78 were cloned in an expression vector which consisted of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate early enhancer and promoter, adenovirus tripartite leader sequences and SV40 polyadenylation signal. For purification of vaccine-quality plasmid DNA fromE. coli, an effective method was developed. Chickens were vaccinated by inoculation of DNA by two routes (intramuscular and intraperitoneal). Two weeks later, chickens were boosted with DNA, and at 2 weeks post-boost, they were challenged with virulent IBDV strain. Low to undetectable levels of IBDV-specific antibodies and no protection were observed with DNA encoding VP2. However, plasmids encoding VP2-VP4-VP3 induced IBDV-specific antibodies and protection in the chickens. DNA immunisation opens a new approach to the development of gene vaccines for chickens against infectious diseases.

Abstract  

Two series of binary mixtures composed of bent shaped and rod like molecules are reported. The first star shaped bent core molecules were synthesized and used as a component of binary mixtures. The chiral rod like compounds having commensurable length with the arms of the bent core compounds have been chosen for these mixtures. The resulted compositions show various thermotropic liquid crystalline phases that are characteristic to both types of liquid crystalline materials. In case of mixing the rod like molecules to the bent core compound the B2, B7 and induced B1 phases have been observed. While using the star-shaped bent core and chiral rod like compounds in mixture, the paraelectric smectic A, ferroelectric smectic C* and orthogonal hexatic smectic B phases were preferred. The appearing mesophases were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods.

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