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- Author or Editor: N. Liu x
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Abstract
Abstract
Approximations for the temperature integral
Their underlying relationship
Abstract
The temperature integral cannot be analytically integrated and many simple closed-form expressions have been proposed to use in the integral methods. This paper first reviews two types of simple approximation expressions for temperature integral in literature, i.e. the rational approximations and exponential approximations. Then the relationship of the two types of approximations is revealed by the aid of a new equation concerning the 1st derivative of the temperature integral. It is found that the exponential approximations are essentially one kind of rational approximations with the form of h(x)=[x/(Ax+k)]. That is, they share the same assumptions that the temperature integral h(x) can be approximated by x/Ax+k). It is also found that only two of the three parameters in the general formula of exponential approximations are needed to be determined and the other one is a constant in theory. Though both types of the approximations have close relationship, the integral methods derived from the exponential approximations are recommended in kinetic analysis.
Abstract
The kinetics of direct reduction of artificial chrome iron ore was studied by isothermal and non-isothermal methods. In the initial, middle and final periods, the reaction is controlled by nucleation and growth, a phase boundary reaction, and diffusion, respectively. In the main reaction region, the kinetic equation is 1–(1–)1/3=kt and the apparent activation energy is 270 kJ mol–1. The kinetic mechanisms found with the isothermal and non-isothermal methods do not differ, and the activation energy values are approximately the same. However, the non-isothermal method can demonstrate the kinetic process completely.
Abstract
The molar heat capacities of the pure samples of acetone and methanol, and the azeotropic mixture composed of acetone and methanol were measured with an adiabatic calorimeter in the temperature range 78–320 K. The solid–solid and solid–liquid phase transitions of the pure samples and the mixture were determined based on the curve of the heat capacity with respect to temperature. The phase transitions took place at 126.160.68 and 178.961.47 K for the sample of acetone, 157.790.95 and 175.930.95 K for methanol, which were corresponding to the solid–solid and the solid–liquid phase transitions of the acetone and the methanol, respectively. And the phase transitions occurred at 126.580.24, 157.160.42, 175.500.46 and 179.740.89 K corresponding to the solid–solid and the solid–liquid phase transitions of the acetone and the methanol in the mixture, respectively. The thermodynamic functions and the excess thermodynamic functions of the mixture relative to standard temperature 298.15 K were derived based on the relationships of the thermodynamic functions and the function of the measured heat capacity with respect to temperature.
Eight cultivars of dry-land wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) historically planted in Shaanxi Province, China, were grown in plots with irrigation and drought treatments during the growing seasons of 2011–2014, so as to characterize the differences in the rate and duration of the grain-filling stage among cultivars. The experimental results showed no obvious change among cultivars with respect to the duration of the grain-filling stage and no significant correlation between duration and grain weight. The filling rates of all three phases (lag, linear, and mature periods) showed significant differences among cultivars and had a greater effect on the grain weight than the duration of the filling stage, even though drought decreased the filling rate in the linear and mature periods. A lower filling rate led to a lighter grain weight in inferior grains than in superior grains. For the superior and inferior grains in the central spikelets, modern cultivars possess faster filling rates, especially in the lag and linear periods, whereas for the whole spike, no significant trend with cultivar replacement was observed. Faster filling rates with stable filling durations will be beneficial in obtaining additional yield increases.
Abstract
Due to the experimental errors, the chemical effect of minor reactions, and some physical effects of heat and mass transfer, there usually exists much noise in the mass loss data resulted from thermal decomposition experiments, and thus high quality smoothing algorithm plays an important role in obtaining reliable derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves required for differential kinetic analysis. In this paper three smoothing methods, i.e. Moving Average smoothing, Gaussian smoothing, and Vondrak smoothing, are investigated in detail for pre-treatment of biomass decomposition data to obtain the DTG curves, and the smoothing results are compared. It is concluded that by choosing reasonable smoothing parameters based on the spectrum analysis of the data, the Gaussian smoothing and Vondrak smoothing can be reliably used to obtain DTG curves. The kinetic parameters calculated from the original TG curves and smoothed DTG curves have excellent agreement, and thus the Gaussian and Vondrak smoothing algorithms can be used directly and accurately in kinetic analysis.
Abstract
This paper examines the following questions: (1) Do early pioneer species have a greater impact on the survival and growth of different successional native trees compared to the shrub Rhodomyrtus tomentosa? (2) Do canopy treatments affect soil nutrients and light availability? (3) What is the mechanism underlying the interaction between nurse species and target species? Degraded shrubland sites (Heshan, Guangdong, China), under moist subtropical conditions were studied. About 1-year-old seedlings of Pinus massoniana, Schima wallichii, Schefflera heptaphylla, Castanopsis hystrix, Cryptocarya chinensis and Castanea chinensis were transplanted under the canopy of R. tomentosa, Dicranopteris dichotoma and in open interspaces without vegetation. Survival and growth were recorded from the first growing season after planting. Leaf gas exchange, water potential, soil physicochemical characters and irradiation were then measured. Canonical redundancy analyses (RDA) were used to evaluate the relationships between environmental factors and seedling survival and growth conditions. Both R. tomentosa and D. dichotoma canopy treatment facilitated seedling survival and growth either directly or indirectly. Irradiance/radiation was considered the most important resource (factor) for seedling growth in subtropical regions, however, soil nutrients and species are yet to be examined simultaneously with irradiance/radiation under field conditions. We conclude that early successional species facilitates the survival and growth of late successional species in subtropical shrublands. However, further predictions of successional trajectories remain elusive and are influenced by stochastic processes, including arrival order, shade tolerance, physiological character of the colonizing species and their competitive interactions.
Abstract
Sixteen minor and trace element contents of diet samples from three different social population groups in Taiwan were determined. Samples were prepared using duplicate portion technique by collecting the 15 subjects ate and drank during a 3-day period. Samples were homogenized, freeze-dried, and elemental concentration of minor and trace elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Elemental concentrations and daily dietary intake of the elements were compared with those in the other nations, and possible origins were discussed.