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The composition of precipitation and element loads originating from rainwater were examined monthly between 2005 and 2008 at two experimental stations (Őrbottyán in the Danube–Tisza Interfluve region and Nagyhörcsök in the Mezőföld region of Hungary) of the Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Twenty-five characteristics were analysed: pH, EC, NO ₃ -N, NH ₄ -N, and concentrations of the main macro- and microelements. The observation represents the dry and wet deposition together. Measurements were carried out by ICP-OES device, with the exception of carbonate, chloride, ammonia and nitrate. The main results can be summarized as follows: – Generally, the lower amounts of monthly precipitation resulted in higher EC, pH; NH ₄ -N, Ca, Na and K concentrations. The highest element yields, however, were typical of the wet months. Acidic precipitation (below pH 5) was rich in nitric acid forming NO ₃ -N, but poor in NH ₄ -N at the Őrbottyán Experimental Station. Emission of the nearby cement works in February and March 2006 caused an order of magnitude higher increase in Ca, Mg, Na and Sr elements as compared to other months, and there was a considerable rise in the NH ₄ -N, S, Zn, As, Cr and Pb concentrations of the precipitation (Table 5, 1st half of the year). The pH reached 7.0 at this site. – Depositions were small at the Nagyhörcsök Experimental Station in winter. During the warmer months (May, June and July) the NH ₄ -N concentration was 10–20 times higher than the NO ₃ -N concentration. The neighbouring fertile and humus rich soils, fertilization, as well as the nearby animal husbandry farm make notable NH ₃ emission. In this period the concentration of NH ₄ -N and the alkalizing cations Ca and K raised the precipitation’s pH, and the pH increased from January to June. – Aerial deposition varied greatly at both sites, representing the following values in kg·ha ^-1 ·year ^-1 unit: NO ₃ -N 5–20; NH ₄ -N 10–31; total N 30–48; Ca 6–60; K 6–16; S 2–21; Na 4–13; Mg 2–16; P 2–6. The deposition of Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and B elements at these sites were similar to previous Hungarian and Austrian data. Pb, Ni, Cd and Co depositions, however, were an order of magnitude lower, which demonstrates the positive result of the successful control of heavy metal pollution in Europe since 1990. – Aerial deposition has considerable agronomical and environmental significance. According to the present study, aerial deposition could satisfy 10% K, 15% Mg, 20% P, 30% Ca and N, 40% S element demand of an average 5 t·ha ^-1 grain and 5 t·ha ^-1 straw yield of cereals on the chernozem soil of the Nagyhörcsök Station. When using combine harvesting, the straw remains on the site and only the grain is removed, so 25% P, 45% K, 100–300% S and Ca, and several fold of Na-requirement could be covered by the aerial deposition. – Atmospheric deposition may more or less compensate the amount of Mo, Ni and Se built in by grain, while the Zn requirement might be exceeded by about 60%. The deposition of B, Ba, Cu and Sr is several times higher than the amount built in by the grain yield. Aerial fertilization with Cu, Mo, Se and Zn seems to be advantageous, as the site is poor in Zn and Cu, or not satisfactorily supplied with Mo and Se elements. Cd, Hg and Pb loads, however, are environmentally disadvan-tageous, especially on the long-term. The latter harmful heavy metals can also get into waters, on the surface of crops and can cause direct damage to the food chain. – The following minimal – maximal depositions were measured on the two experimental sites: Zn 112–1391; Sr 30–202; Cu 21–153; Fe 42–119; Ba 40–79; Mn 33–62; B 0–33; Pb 2–4; Ni, Cr and Mo 0–6; As 0–4; Hg 0–1.5; Co 0.4–0.7; Cd 0–0.3 g·ha ^-1 ·year ^-1 . The pH varied between 4.2 and 7.0 while electrical conductivity ranged between 25 and 1996 μS·cm ^-1 .

Phytoremediation is an approach designed to extract excessive heavy metals from contaminated soils through plant uptake. Cadmium (Cd) is among the elements most toxic to living organisms. Health hazards associated with the lethal intake of Cd include renal (kidney) damage, anaemia, hypertension and liver damage. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) grown on artificially spiked soil (100 μg Cd g⁻¹) with EDTA (2 mmol kg⁻¹ in 5 split doses), FYM, vermicompost (VC) and microbial inoculants (MI) such as Azotobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The growth of Brassica juncea L. was better in soil amended with FYM or VC as compared to unamended Cd-polluted soil. Growth was slightly suppressed in EDTA-treated soil, whereas it was better after treatment with MI. The application of FYM and VC increased the dry matter yield of Indian mustard either alone or in combination with microbial inoculants, while that of EDTA caused a significant decrease in the biomass of Indian mustard. The application of microbial inoculants increased the dry matter yield of both the roots and shoots, but not significantly, because MI shows greater sensitivity towards cadmium. The maximum cadmium concentration was observed in the EDTA +MI treatment, but Cd uptake was maximum in the VC + MI treatment. The Cd concentration in the shoots increased by 120% in Cd_EDTA over the Cd₁₀₀ treatment, followed by Cd_VC (65%) and Cd_FYM (42%) in the absence of microbial inoculants. The corresponding values in the presence of MI were 107, 51 and 37%, respectively. A similar trend was also observed in the roots in the order Cd_EDTA+M > Cd_VC+M > Cd_FYM+M>Cd_100+M.MI caused an increase in Cd content of 5.5% in the roots and 4.1% in the shoots in the Cd_EDTA+M treatment compared with the Cd_EDTA treatment. FYM, VC and EDTA also increased Cd uptake significantly both in the shoots and roots with and without microbial inoculants.The results indicated that Vermicompost in combination with microbial inoculants is the best treatment for the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil by Indian mustard, as revealed by the Cd uptake values in the shoots: Cd_VC+M (2265.7 μg/pot) followed by Cd_EDTA+M (2251.2 μg/pot), Cd_FYM+M (1485.7 μg/pot) and Cd_100+M (993.1 μg/pot).