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- Author or Editor: P. Yuan x
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Abstract
Two series of antibacterial compounds were synthesized using montmorillonite and chlorhexidine acetate (CA) by ion-exchange reaction. The resulting samples were characterized by high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HRTG), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and their antibacterial activity was assayed by halo method. In this study, the loaded amounts of CA in the resultant compounds were evaluated by the HRTG curves. CA adopts a lateral monolayer arrangement in the resulting samples with low CA loading, while a special state with partial overlapping of organic molecules is supposed for the resulting samples prepared at 1.0–4.0 CEC. After the intercalation with CA, the hydrophilic surfaces of montmorillonite are changed to hydrophobic ones, reflected by the frequency shift of the symmetric ν1(O-H) stretching vibration from low to high. This study shows that the interlayer cations in raw montmorillonite have little influence on the structure of the resulting samples. Antibacterial activity test against E. coli demonstrates that the antibacterial activity of the resulting samples strongly depends on the content of the loaded CA and these resulting materials show a long-term antibacterial activity that can last for at least one year.
Summary
In this article, a rapid, novel, and effective method was presented to separate pure steviol glycosides from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, including stevioside, rebaudioside A, and rebaudioside C, using resin-based column chromatography followed by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography under hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) mode. The separation procedure was first optimized on an analytical HILIC column and then scaled up on a preparative HILIC column using a mobile phase consisting of 83% acetonitrile in water with flow rate of 10 mL·min−1 at 25°C. 200 mg of the crude extract containing 68.1% steviol glycosides yielded 79.2 mg stevioside, 9.4 mg rebaudioside C, and 33.7 mg rebaudioside A, with the purities of 97.5%, 96.8%, and 97.2%, respectively. Those products were identified by MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR.
Summary
A rapid and sensitive method for the identification and quantification of yohimbine in Pausinystalia yohimbe is described. The method used is liquid chromatography-quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QIT/MS). The yohimbine standard solution was directly infused into the ion trap mass spectrometers (IT/MS) for collecting the MSn spectra. The major fragment ions of yohimbine were confirmed by MSn at m/z 355, 224, 212, and 144, in the positive-ion mode. The possible main fragment ion cleavage pathway was studied. Yohimbine provided good signals corresponding to the protonated molecular ion [M + H]+. The method is reliable and reproducible, and the detection limit is 0.1 ng mL-1. The method was validated in the concentration range 0.1–50 μg mL−1; the intra- and interday precision ranged from 1.36% to 2.73% and the accuracy was 96.5–108.2%. The mean recovery of yohimbine was 97.1–101% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) <1.93%. The LC-IT/MS method was successfully applied to determine the yohimbine in P. yohimbe.
Abstract
A series of anion-cation surfactants modified organoclays are prepared by incorporating both cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMAB), and anionic surfactant, sodiumdodecyl sulfonate (SDS), to montmorillonite. The added amounts of surfactant varied from 0.2 to 4.0 CEC of the used montmorillonite, similar to those reported in literature. A combination of elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis is used in the characterization of the resulting organoclays. The experimental results show that anionic surfactants can not be intercalated into the montmorillonite whereas they can be loaded onto cationic modified montmorillonite, resulting in a further increase of organic carbon content of the resulting organoclays. This study demonstrates that SDS can be intercalated into montmorillonite interlayer space through the interaction with HDTMAB rather than by ion exchange. The intercalation of SDS results in an increase of the basal spacing of the resulting organoclays when comparing with HDTMAB modified montmorillonite and higher decomposition temperature of the intercalated surfactants when comparing with them in bulk state. These new insights are of high importance in the application of organoclays in the fields of remediation of polluted water and synthesis of clay based nanocomposites.
Male sterile mutants play an important role in the utilisation of crop heterosis. Male sterile plants were found in S5 generations of maize hybrid ZH2, through continuous sib-mating by using the fertile plants in the same population, we obtained a male sterile sibling population K932MS including sterile plants K932S and a fertile plant K932F. The objective of this study was to clarify the genetic characterisation and abortion characteristics by nucleus and cytoplasm effect analyses, cytoplasm grouping, and cytological observation. The results showed that no difference was found between K932S and K932F in the vegetative growth stage, but K932S had no emerging anther or pollen grains. The segregation ratio of fertile plants to sterile plants was 1:1 in the sibling progenies, while it was 3:1 in self-crossing progenies of K932F. The sterility of K932S could be restored among reciprocal progenies when seven normal inbred lines were used as females respectively. The fertility expression of K932S crossed with 30 testers would be changed in different test-crosses and some backcross progenies. The C-type restorer Zifeng-1 (Rf4Rf4) was able to restore the fertility of K932S, and the specific PCR amplification bands of K932MS were consistent with CMSCMo17. The anther of K932S began abortion at dyad with its tapetum expanded radically and vacuolated: this induced abnormality in the shapes of both dyads and tetrads. The microspore could not develop normally, and then it collapsed and gradually disappeared. Hence, K932MS is a C-type cytoplasmic male sterile mutant with a pollen-free, stable inheritance: it has potential application value for further research.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of wheat–oat flour ratio on the physical properties and β-glucan characteristics of extrudates. Results showed that increasing the wheat–oat flour ratio resulted in a decrease in the water solubility index (r2=0.8567) and hardness (r2=0.9316), whereas the expansion ratio (r2=0.9307) and water absorption index (r2=0.9061) increased. Wheat flour generally caused an increase in L values from 57.81 to 62.94 providing bright samples. Few cells were observed at high wheat–oat flour ratios under a scanning electron microscope, and a smooth surface was noted. Meanwhile, the total (r2=0.9867) and soluble (r2=0.9848) β-glucan contents were inversely proportional to the wheat–oat flour ratio. Extrudates with added wheat flour had a high molecular weight, but wheat flour had no significant (P<0.05) effect on the viscosity of β-glucan extracts. Conclusively, incorporation of wheat flour at a wheat–oat flour ratio of 2.33 provides ready-to-eat food based on whole oat flour, on account of improving the texture and providing sufficient β-glucan contents (0.806 g/100 g) without significantly affecting β-glucan viscosity.
