Fourteen species new for science are described, illustrated and compared with closely related taxa. Six species of them are from South Korea, i.e. Bryostigma huriellae S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, Caloplaca ulleungensis S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, Enterographa dokdoensis S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, Neobrownliella salyangensis S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, Rufoplaca aesan- ensis S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, Squamulea coreana S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, and seven species are from Chile: Caloplaca nothocitrina S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, Caloplaca nothoholocarpa S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, Caloplaca patagoniensis S. Y. Kondr., S.-O. Oh et J.-S. Hur, Follmannia suborthoclada S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, ‘Lecidea’buellielloides S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, Mass- jukiella rusavskioides S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, Rehmanniella poeltiana S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur, as well as one species, i.e. Pyrenodesmia vernadskiensis S. Y. Kondr., T. O. Kondratiuk et I. Yu. Parnikoza, similar to Antarctic endemic species Huea coralligera, is from Argentine Islands, Western Antarctic Peninsula. The member of the genus Pyrenodesmia A. Massal. is for the first time confirmed by molecular data from the Antarctic.

Eighteen new combinations, i.e. Massjukiella impolita (for Caloplaca impolita Arup), Massjukiella pollinarioides (for Xanthoria pollinarioides L. Lindblom et D. M. Wright), Massjukiella stellata (for Caloplaca stellata Wetmore et Karnefelt), Massjukiella tenax (for Xanthoria tenax L. Lindblom), and Massjukiella tenuiloba (for Xanthoria tenuiloba L. Lindblom), Pyrenodesmia albopruinosa (for Biatorina albopruinosa Arnold), Pyrenodesmia ceracea (for Caloplaca ceracea J. R. Laundon), Pyrenodesmia cretensis (for Blastenia cretensis Zahlbr.), Pyrenodesmia erythrocarpa (for Patellaria erythrocarpa Pers.), Pyrenodesmia haematites (for Lecanora haematitesChaub. ex St.-Amans), Pyrenodesmia percrocata (for Blastenia percrocata Arnold), Pyrenodesmia soralifera (for Caloplaca soralifera Vondrak et Hrouzek), Pyrenodesmia transcaspica (for Lecanora transcaspica Nyl.), Pyrenodesmia viridirufa (for Lecidea viridirufa Ach.), Pyrenodesmia xerica (for Caloplaca xerica Poelt et Vezda), as well as Rehmanniella leucoxantha (for Amphilo-ma leucoxanthum Mull. Arg.), Rehmanniella syvashica (for Caloplaca syvashica Khodos., Vond- rak et Soun), and Rehmanniella subgyalectoides (for Caloplaca subgyalectoides S. Y. Kondr. et Karnefelt) are proposed.

Buelliella inops and Zwackhiomyces aff. berengerianus are for the first time recorded from South America as well as from Follmannia orthoclada (as lichenicolous fungi). Caloplaca poliotera, Rinodina convexula and Rinodina kozukensis are new to the Republic of Korea, and new localities as well as illustrations for the further 13 new and rare lichen species recently described from Eastern Asia are provided too.

Seventeen taxa new for science, i.e. Absconditella baegasanensis, Caloplaca hallasanensis, C. subconcilians, Fellhanera chejuensis, F. maritima, Lecania coreana, L. rinodinoides, Lichenostigma heterodermiae, Micarea coreana, Phoma heterodermiae, Protoparmeliopsis chejuensis, Roselliniopsis phaeophysciae, Topelia jasonhurii (all from South Korea); Caloplaca dzhankoiensis (from Ukraine); Protoparmeliopsis pseudogyrophoricum (from China); P. taranii (from Russia); and Seirophora blumii (from several Central Asian countries) are described, compared with closely related taxa, and illustrated.Five new combinations are proposed: Caloplaca subscopularis, Protoparmeliopsis crustaceum, P. gyrophoricum, P. mazatzalensis, and P. pinguis.A total of 64 lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi are reported here as new for South Korea (i.e. Abrothallus microspermus, Amandinea melaxanthella, Arthonia epiphyscia, Arthothelium ruanum, Aspicilia contorta subsp. hoffmanniana, Biatora globulosa, Brigantiaea purpurata, Caloplaca gordejevii, C. micromera, C. oxneri, C. subscopularis, C. trassii, Candelariella reflexa, Dirina massiliensis, Endococcus cf. verrucosus, Hyperphyscia adglutinata, Hypogymnia austerodes, H. occidentalis, Ionaspis lacustris, Lecanora barkmaniana, Lecanora cf. marginata, L. symmicta, L. varia, Lichenochora obscuroides, Lichenodiplis lecanorae, Lopadium coralloideum, Melaspilea bagliettoana, Menegazzia subsimilis, Micarea denigrata, M. peliocarpa, Myriospora heppii, Myriotrema masonhalei, Ochrolechia frigida, Opegrapha calcarea, O. phaeophysciae, Parmelia subdivaricata, Pertusaria aff. alpinoides, P. commutans, P. ophthalmiza, P. sphaerophora, P. subcomposita, Phlyctis aff. argena, Physconia hokkaidensis, Porina farinosa, Punctelia subrudecta, Pyrenula balia, P. castanea, P. laevigata, P. neojaponica, Rhizocarpon badioatrum, Rinodina fimbriata, R. oleae, R. polyspora, R. pyrina, R. sophodes, R. teichophila, Scoliciosporum chlorococcum, Sphinctrina tubaeformis, Stigmidium fuscatae, Taeniolella phaeophysciae, Thelotrema nipponicum, Toninia aromatica, Topeliopsis aff. azorica, and Trypethelium indutum); and two new for China (i.e. Caloplaca bassiae, Lecania rabenhorstii). Detailed locality data and annotations are given for further 22 noteworthy species, which are rare in South Korea (i.e. Agonimia opuntiella, Agonimiella pacifica, Amandinea punctata, Biatora longispora, Brigantiaea ferruginea, Caloplaca squamosa, Chrysothrix candelaris, Coenogonium luteum, Diploschistes actinostomus, Hyperphyscia crocata, Leucodecton desquamescens, Menegazzia nipponica, Pertusaria commutata, P. multipuncta, P. quartans, P. submultipuncta, P. aff. subobductans, P. velata, Phaeophyscia orbicularis, Porina leptalea, Pyrenula pseudobufonia, and Trapelia coarctata); and for two species rare in China (i.e. Buellia badia, Letrouitia transgressa).

Four new for science species, i.e. Caloplaca kedrovopadensis, Lecanora ussuriensis, Ochrolechia yurii, Oxneria ussuriensis (all from Russian Far East) are described, compared with closely related taxa, and illustrated. Micarea coreana is for the first time recorded from Russia.

Three genera new for science, i.e. Candelinella S. Y. Kondr. for the Candelariella makarevichiae group, Opeltiella S. Y. Kondr. for the Candelaria fraudans group, as well as Protocandelariella Poelt, D. Liu, J.-S. Hur et S. Y. Kondr. for the Candelariella subdeflexa group are proposed for robust monophyletic branches of the Candelariaceae on the basis of three-gene phylo- geny (i.e. concatenated nrITS, 12S mtSSU and 28S nrLSU sequences). Eight new combinations, i.e. Candelinella makarevichiae (for Candelariella makarevichiae S. Y. Kondr., L. Lokos et J.-S. Hur), Candelinella deppeanae (for Candelariella deppeanae M. Westb.), Opeltiella fraudans (for Candelaria fraudans Poelt et Oberw.), Opeltiella fibrosoides (for Candelaria fibrosoides M. Westb. et Froden), Opeltiella rubrisoli (for Candelariella rubrisoli D. Liu et J.-S. Hur), Opeltiella canadensis (for Candelariella canadensis H. Magn.), Protocandelariella subdeflexa (for Lecanora subdeflexa Nyl.), Protocandelariella blastidiata (for Candelariella blastidiata L. Yakovchenko) are provided.

Molecular data provided for Candelinella makarevichiae (including holotype and iso- type), as well as additional specimens of Candelaria asiatica from South Korea for the first time. The latter species (Candelaria asiatica) from China, as well as’Candelaria’ murrayi from Argentina, South America are recorded for the first time. Voucher of Candelariella vitellina from Antarctica is also identified based on molecular phylogeny. It is for the first time shown that ’Candelaria’murrayi is positioned in the outermost position to Candelaria s. str. branch of the phylogenetic tree of the Candelariaceae, and may belong to another genus. Status of the ’Candelariella’medians group, the’Candelariella’ placodizans group, as well as single species ’Candelariella’reflexa and’Candelaria’ pacifica, forming separate branches outside the Candelariella s. str. and Candelaria s. str. clades, will be clarified when additional molecular data will be accumulated. Candelariella subsquamulosa D. Liu et Hur, recently described from South Korea (Liu et al. 2019), proved to be a new synonym of Candelinella makarevichiae.

The new genus Kashiwadia S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, gen. nov. for the Eastern Asian species Physcia orientalis Kashiw. being in isolated position in the genus Physcia after morphological and anatomical characters as well as showing closer relation to the Heterodermia branch (than to the Physcia branch) in phylogenetic tree of the Physciaceae based on results of ITS1/ITS2 nuclear ribosomal and positioning in separate branch after 12S SSU mitochondrial DNA sequences and combined data set is proposed. Description of new genus and new combination is provided.

One new genus, i.e. Ivanpisutia S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, similar to the genera Carbonea and Lecidella of the Lecanoraceae, and eleven new species of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi, i.e. Agonimia cavernicola S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, Caloplaca chujaensis S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, Lichenochora makareviczae S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, and Rusavskia coreana S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur from South Korea; Caloplaca neobaltistanica S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur from China; and Caloplaca mandshuriaensis S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, Ivanpisutia oxneri S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, Lecanora lojkahugoi S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, Lecidella mandshurica S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, Opegrapha verseghyklarae S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur and Rusavskia ussurica S. Y. Kondr. et J.-S. Hur from the Russian Far East, are described and illustrated, compared with closely related taxa.

Fourteen species of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi are reported as new for South Korea (i.e. Arthonia molendoi, Caloplaca arenaria, C. sideritis, Candelariella coralliza, Lecanactis cf. dilleniana, Micarea misella, Porina aff. ahlesiana, P. distans, Protoparmeliopsis pseudogyrophorica, Pyxine subcinerea, Stigmidium rivulorum, Stigmidium squamariae, Vouauxiomyces ramalinae, Zwackhiomyces lithoideae); 8 for Russia or the Russian Far East (i.e. Absconditella baegasanensis, Bactrospora cf. corticola, Biatoridium aff. monasteriense, Collemopsidium cf. halodytes, Lecanora cf. hafelliana, Opegrapha phaeophysciae, Phacopsis oxyspora, Polycoccum clauzadei, Vouauxiomyces ramalinae; and 2 species new to China (Caloplaca zoroasteriorum, Seirophora blumii).

Detailed locality data and annotations are given for further 27 noteworthy species, which are rare in South Korea (i.e. Arthonia epiphyscia, Buellia griseovirens, Caloplaca austrocoreana, C. chejuensis, C. micromera, C. multicolor, C. subconcilians, C. trassii, Catillaria atomaroides, Enterographa leucolyta, Fellhanera chejuensis, Fellhanera subtilis, Fuscidea austera, Fuscopannaria incisa, Ionaspis lacustris, Lecania rinodinoides, Lobaria japonica, Lobaria spathulata, Micarea coreana, Phaeophyscia endococcinodes, Physcia stellaris, Pyxine limbulata, Scoliciosporum chlorococcum, S. umbrinum, Sculptolumina japonica, Trapelia coarctata, T. placodioides); and for 3 species rare in Russia (i.e. Dactylospora lobariella, Megalospora tuberculosa, Nipponoparmelia perplicata); and Dimelaena aff. oreina in China.

Arthonia epiphyscia is for the first time recorded from Anaptychia isidiata, and Arthonia molendoi is for the first time recorded from Caloplaca subscopularis.

Eleven new for science species of lichen-forming fungi, i.e.: Amandinea pseudomultispora, Buellia chujadoensis, Fuscidea coreana, F. extremorientalis, Hafellia extremorientalis, H. pseudosubnexa, Halecania subalpivaga, Lecanactis subdilleniana, Lecania chirisanensis, Maronella coreana, and Melanophloea coreana are described, illustrated and compared with closely related taxa. Amandinea polyspora, Catillaria nigroclavata, Ivanpisutia oxneri, Lecanora saligna, L. sambuci, and Lecidella mandshurica are proved to be new to Korea.

The robust monophyletic branch having the highest level of bootstrap support in the phylogenetical tree of the Teloschistaceae based on combined data set of ITS, LSU nrDNA and 12S SSU mtDNA sequences, which does not belong to any other earlier proposed genera of the subfamily Caloplacoideae, is described as the new genus Fauriea S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur, gen. nova for lecanoroid South Korean Caloplaca chujaensis, and newly described Eastern Chinese Fauriea orientochinensis. Descriptions of the new genus Fauriea and the species Fauriea orientochinensis, a comparison with closely related taxa and a discussion of their position are provided. New name Tayloriellina is proposed for the genus of the subfamily Brownlielloideae Tayloriella S. Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, A. Thell, Elix et Hur (nom. illeg., non Tayloriella Kylin, Rhodomebaceae, Rhodophyta). New combinations for type species of the genera Fauriea and Tayloriellina (i.e.: Fauriea chujaensis (basionym: Caloplaca chujaensis S. Y. Kondr., L. Lőkös et J.-S. Hur), and Tayloriellina erythrosticta (basionym: Lecanora erythrosticta Taylor)) are proposed. Fauriea chejuensis and Biatora pseudosambuci are for the first time recorded for China.

Seven genera new to science, i.e.: Helmutiopsis, Huriopsis, Johnsheardia, Klauskalbia, Kudratovia, Kurokawia and Poeltonia of the Physciaceae are proposed for the ‘Rinodina’ atrocinerea, the ‘Rinodina’ xanthophaea, the ‘Rinodina’ cinnamomea, the ‘Heterodermia’ obscurata, the ‘Rinodina’ straussii, the ‘Anaptychia’ isidiata and the ‘Physconia’ grisea groups consequently that all form strongly supported monophyletic branches in a phylogeny analysis based on a combined matrix of nrITS and mtSSU sequences.

Phylogenetic positions of species belonging to the genera Kashiwadia s. l., Leucodermia, Mischoblastia,Oxnerella, Phaeorrhiza s. l., Polyblastidium and Rinodinella s. l. are discussed. Oxnerella afghanica which for the first time recorded as parasitic lichen species from both epiphytic and saxicolous crustose lichens is designated as type species for the genus Oxnerella.

Sequences of the recently described Physcia orientostellaris as well as Huriopsis xanthophaea and additional sequences of Kashiwadia aff. orientalis and Mischoblastia aff. oxydata are submitted to the GenBank.

The positions of Polyblastidium casaterrinum from Costa Rica, ‘Rinodina’ efflorescens from Białowieża, Poland, and ‘Mischoblastia’ confragosula from Cambodia in the Physciaceae are confirmed in a phylogeny analysis based on the nrITS sequences.

The presence of ‘extraneous mycobiont DNA’ in lichen associations is exemplified with earlier incorrect identifications of Heterodermia, Kashiwadia, Kurokawia,Oxnerella and Poeltonia specimens.

Fifty-six new combinations are presented: Helmutiopsis alba (for Rinodina alba Metzler ex Arn.), Helmutiopsis aspersa (for Lecanora aspersa Borrer), Helmutiopsis atrocinerea (for Parmelia atrocinerea Fr.), Huriopsis chrysidiata (for Rinodina chrysidiata Sheard), Huriopsis chrysomelaena (for Rinodina chrysomelaena Tuck.), Huriopsis lepida (for Lecanora lepida Nyl.), Huriopsis luteonigra (for Rinodina luteonigra Zahlbr.), Huriopsis plana (for Rinodina plana H. Magn.), Huriopsis thiomela (for Lecanora thiomela Nyl.), Huriopsis xanthomelana (for Rinodina xanthomelana Müll. Arg.), Huriopsis xanthophaea (for Lecanora xanthophaea Nyl.), Johnsheardia cinnamomea (for Rinodina mniaroea var. cinnamomea Th. Fr.), Johnsheardia herteliana (for Rinodina herteliana Kaschik), Johnsheardia jamesii (for Rinodina jamesii H. Mayrhofer), Johnsheardia reagens (for Rinodina reagens Matzer et H. Mayrhofer), Johnsheardia zwackhiana (for Lecanora zwackhiana Kremp.), Kashiwadia austrostellaris (for Physcia austrostellaris Elix), Kashiwadia jackii (for Physcia jackii Moberg), Kashiwadia littoralis for Physcia littoralis Elix), Kashiwadia nubila (for Physcia nubila Moberg), and Kashiwadia tropica (for Physcia tropica Elix), Klauskalbia crocea (for Heterodermia crocea R. C. Harris), Klauskalbia flabellata (for Parmelia flabellata Fée), Klauskalbia obscurata (for Physcia speciosa (Wulfen) Nyl. *obscurata Nyl.), Klauskalbia paradoxa (for Heterodermia paradoxa Schumm et Schäfer-Verwimp), Kudratovia bohlinii (for Rinodina bohlinii H. Magn.), Kudratovia candidogrisea (for Rinodina candidogrisea Hafellner, Muggia et Obermayer), Kudratovia luridata (for Buellia luridata Körb.), Kudratovia metaboliza (for Rinodina metaboliza Vain.), Kudratovia pycnocarpa (for Rinodina pycnocarpa H. Magn.), Kudratovia roscida (for Lecanora roscida Sommerf.), Kudratovia straussii (for Rinodina straussii J. Steiner), Kudratovia terrestris (for Rinodina terrestris Tomin), Kurokawia bryorum (for Anaptychia bryorum Poelt), Kurokawia isidiata (for Anaptychia isidiata Tomin), Kurokawia mereschkowskii (for Physcia mereschkowskii Tomin), Kurokawia palmulata (for Psoroma palmulatum Michx.), Kurokawia runcinata (for Lichen runcinatus With.), Kurokawia stippea (for Parmelia aquila var. stippea Ach.), Lecania safavidiorum (for Oxnerella safavidiorum S. Y. Kondr., Zarei-Darki, Lőkös et Hur), Leucodermia erinacea (for Lichen erinaceus Ach.), Mischoblastia confragosula (for Lecanora confragosula Nyl.), Mischoblastia destituta (for Lecidea destituta Nyl.), Mischoblastia moziana (for Lecanora moziana Nyl.), Mischoblastia moziana subsp. parasitica (comb. et stat. nova for Rinodina moziana var. parasitica Kaschik et H. Mayrhofer), Mischoblastia ramboldii (for Rinodina ramboldii Kaschik), Mischoblastia vezdae (for Rinodina vezdae H. Mayrhofer), Oxnerella afghanica (for Rinodina afghanica M. Steiner et Poelt), Oxnerella castanomelodes (for Rinodina castanomelodes H. Mayrhofer et Poelt), Physciella nigricans (for Lecanora nigricans Flörke), Poeltonia elegantula (for Physconia elegantula Essl.), Poeltonia grisea (for Lichen griseus Lam.), Poeltonia isidiomuscigena (for Physconia isidiomuscigena Essl.), Poeltonia perisidiosa (for Physcia perisidiosa Erichsen), Poeltonia venusta (for Parmelia venusta Ach.), and Polyblastidium albicans (for Parmelia albicans Pers.) are proposed.

Data on about 27 new for South Korea species of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi, including one new for science genus Verseghya and 11 new for science species, i.e.: Agominia loekoesii, Lecanora pseudosambuci, Nectriopsis verseghyklarae, Polysporina golubkovae, Protoparmeliopsis zerovii, Psoroglaena chirisanensis, Pyrenopsis chejudoensis, Ropalospora chirisanensis, Thelopsis chirisanensis, Trapelia coreana, and Verseghya klarae, as well as 27 taxa newly recorded for the country (Biatora aff. subduplex, Buellia cf. uberior, Caloplaca kedrovopadensis, Catillaria chalybaea, Coenogonium isidiatum, Dibaeis yurii, Halecania australis, H. lobulata, Intralichen christiansenii, Ivanpisutia oxneri, Lecania cf. olivacella, Lecanora lojkahugoi, L. sulphurea, Lecidella mandshurica, Lichenoconium erodens, Micarea lithinella, M. aff. stipitata, Muellerella pygmaea var. pygmaea, Oxneria alfredii, Pertusaria aff. flavocorallina, Phaeosporobolus alpinum, Polycoccum innatum, Porina fluminea, Rinodina xanthophaea, Ropalospora chloantha, Stigmidium cladoniicola, and S. epiramalina) are provided.

Additional localities for the recently reported or described 39 species from South Korea, and for 1 species (Oxnerella safavidiorum) from Iran and China (for the first time for China) are provided.

The following taxa newly recorded for South Korea, i.e. Ivanpisutia oxneri, Lecanora lojkahugoi, Lecidella mandshurica, Rinodina xanthophaea, Ropalospora chloantha, as well as the newly described Buellia chujadoensis and Verseghya klarae found to be rather common in this country.